HomeMy WebLinkAbout2026_05_20 Town Board Meeting Packet e
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Town of Mamaroneck
Town Board Agenda
Wednesday, May 20, 2026
All Work Sessions and Regular Meetings are open to the public.
Page
5:00 PM THE TOWN BOARD WORK SESSION
The Work Session will convene in Conference Room A located on the
Second Floor at the Town Center.
WORK SESSION ITEMS
1. Request for Executive Session #1
2. Discussion - Community Green House Gas Inventory Report 3 - 45
Community Green House Gas Inventory - Pdf
3. Request for Executive Session #2
4. Updates
5. Changes to Regular Meeting Agenda
8:00 PM TOWN BOARD REGULAR MEETING
The Town Board meeting will convene in the Courtroom located on the
second floor of the Town Center. The public may also view the meeting
on their cable set-top boxes — Optimum 75/76/77 or Verizon Fios 34/35/36
-- or online at LMCMedia.org
CALL TO ORDER
SUPERVISOR'S REPORT
PUBLIC HEARING(S)
1 . Public Hearing - Garbage District #1 Incinerator Demolition (H8610) 46 - 56
Public Hearing - Garbage District #1 Incinerator Demolition (H8610) -
Pdf
RESIDENT COMMENTS
STAFF COMMENTS/ PRESENTATIONS
BOARD OF FIRE COMMISSIONERS
1. Call to Order
2. Fire Claims 57 - 59
Fire Claims 5-20-26 - Pdf
Page 1 of 102
3. Fire Report
AFFAIRS OF THE TOWN OF MAMARONECK
1. Consideration - Community Green House Gas Inventory Report 60 - 102
Community Green House Gas Inventory - Pdf
2. Consideration - Civil Service Employees Association (CSEA) MOA
3. Consideration - Salary Authorization A
4. Consideration - Salary Authorization C
5. Consideration - Certiorari A
REPORTS OF MINUTES
REPORTS OF THE COUNCIL
TOWN CLERK'S REPORT
TOWN ATTORNEY'S REPORT
ADJOURNMENT
NEXT REGULARLY SCHEDULED MEETING - June 3, 2026
Any physically handicapped person needing special assistance in order
to attend the meeting, should contact the Town Administrator's office at
914-381-7810.
Page 2 of 102
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m Town of Mamaroneck
Town Center
FOUNDED 1661 740 West Boston Post Road, Mamaroneck,NY 10543-3353
OFFICE OF THE TOWN ADMINISTRATOR TEL: (914) 381-7810
FAX: (914) 381-7809
mrobson@townofmamaroneckNY.org
To: Supervisor and Town Board
From: Meredith S. Robson, Town Administrator
CC: Sue Odierna, Secretary to Town Supervisor
Re: Community Green House Gas Inventory
Date: May 20, 2026
Attached is the Town's Community Green House Gas (GHG) Inventory report, which provides a
detailed picture of where green house gas emissions in the Town are coming from and how much
each source contributes overall. It provides a clear picture of the Town's biggest emission drivers, and
helps identify where efforts to reduce emissions will have the most impact.
This information supports the development of the Town's climate goals and planning efforts. Because
it is a living document that can be updated over time, I would suggest that the Town Board adopt the
2026 Community GHG Inventory report as presented, and use it as a critical tool and basis for future
climate work.
Action Requested:
Resolved that the Town Board hereby adopts the 2026 Town of Mamaroneck Community
Green House Gas Inventory report, as presented.
Attachment/s:
ToM GHG Inventory Community Report 2026 Final
Page 3 of 102
Town of Mamaroneck
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Page 4 of 102
In 2023, with support from the NY Depailinent of Environmental Conservation Climate Smart
Communities Coordinator Funding, the inventory was updated by Hudson Valley Regional
Council (HVRC) using 2020, 2021, and 2022 data with support from Climate Action Associates.
We have described the reason why a specific year was chosen in the methods of each sector.
This data update followed the established methodology from the 2010 Mid-Hudson Regional
Inventory and the 2015 New York Community and Regional GHG Inventory Guidance.' The
GHG emissions for all communitywide activities are measured in metric tons of carbon dioxide
equivalents (MTCO2e) and were calculated using emissions factors by the US Energy
Information Administration (EIA), US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and ICF
International/NYSERDA GHG Inventory Tool.
This report is an update of an inventory published in December 13, 2012. In 2012,New York
State conducted regional GHG emissions inventories for the baseline year 2010, which included
emissions for each community in the Mid-Hudson Region. The report was prepared by: ICF
International, Sub-consultant to VHB, Inc.2
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Prepared
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Melanie Patapis ■■■ ASSOCIATES LLC
Climate Smart Coordinator
i Hudson Valley NEW Climate Smart Regional
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4 Council STATE Communities
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'https://climatesmart.ny.gov/fileadmin/csc/documents/GHG Inventories/ghgguide.pdf
2 The original report can be found at:https://climatesmart.ny.gov/support/regional-greenhouse-gas-inventories-in-
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TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 13
Page 5 of 102
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
ACS American Community Survey
ANDOC Anaerobically degradable carbon
BOD5 5-day biological oxygen demand
BTU British thermal units
eGRID Emissions& Generation Resource Integrated Database
EIA Energy Information Administration
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
FOD First-order decay
GHG Greenhouse gas
GHGRP Greenhouse gas Reporting Program
C&D Construction and demolition
CH4 Methane
CO Carbon Monoxide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
HDD Heating degree days
HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons
HU Housing units
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
LFG Landfill gas
LFGTE Landfill gas to energy
LUAF Lost and accounted for
LULUCF Land use,land use change, and forestry
Mcf Thousand cubic feet
MF Multi-family
MMBTU Million British thermal units
MSW Municipal solid waste
MTCO2e metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent
MWh Megawatt-hour
N20 Nitrous oxide
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 14
Page 6 of 102
NAICS North American Industry Classification System
NASS National Agricultural Statistics Service
NYCW NPCC New York City/Westchester(eGRID subregion)
NYSDEC New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
NYSDOT New York State Department of Transportation
NYSERDA New York State Energy Research and Development Authority
NYUP NPCC Upstate New York(eGRID subregion)
ODS Ozone-depleting substances
PFCs Perfluorocarbons
SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride
SFA Single-family attached
SFD Single-family detached
SIC Standard Industrial Classification
SIT State Inventory Tool
T&D Transmission and distribution
TAM Typical animal mass
Tg Teragrams
USDA United States Depaitnient of Agriculture
VMT Vehicle miles traveled
VS Volatile solids
WWTPs Wastewater treatment plants
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 15
Page 7 of 102
Table of Contents
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 4
Acknowledgements 7
Background 7
Community Profile 7
Key Findings 8
Community GHG Methods Summary 9
Appendix A.GHG Protocol 12
Appendix B.Data&Methods 15
B.1.Stationary Energy Consumption 15
1.1 Electricity—Scope 1 15
1.2 Electricity—Scope 2 15
1.3 Fuels—Scope 1 17
1.4 Energy Supply 21
B.2.Mobile Energy Consumption 22
2.1 On-Road 22
2.2 Air 24
2.3 Marine 25
2.4 Rail 26
2.5 Off-Road 27
B.3.Waste Management 27
3.1 Solid Waste 27
3.2 Wastewater 31
B.4.Industrial Processes 34
B.5.Agriculture 35
B.6.Land Use,Land-Use Change and Forestry 37
Appendix C.Municipal-Level Allocation 38
C.1 Introduction 38
C.2 Challenges 38
C.3 Methods by Sector Stationary Energy Combustion 40
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 16
Page 8 of 102
Acknowledgements
This report was prepared by Sue Odierna, Climate Task Force Coordinator for the Town of
Mamaroneck using a template provided by Hudson Valley Regional Council.
Background
The Town of Mamaroneck recognizes that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human
activity are causing climate change, the consequences of which pose substantial risks to the
future health and well-being of our community. To demonstrate its commitment to addressing
the growing threat of climate change, in 2009, the Town of Mamaroneck became a registered
Climate Smart Community after adopting the New York State Climate Smart Communities
(CSC)pledge. The Town secured Bronze CSC certification in September 2016, and was
recertified Bronze in April 2024. The Town of Mamaroneck became certified as a Silver-level
Climate Smart Community in September 2025.
The CSC program, administered by the New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation (NYSDEC), is a certification program that provides a robust framework to guide
the actions local governments can take to reduce GHG emissions and adapt to the effects of
climate change. As part of this program, the Town of Mamaroneck created a Community GHG
Inventory, which identifies and quantifies the sources of GHG emissions from community
activities and establishes a baseline from which future emissions reductions and progress can be
measured.
In 2022 and 2023, HVRC, through the NYS DEC CSC Coordinator Program, hosted a series of
cohorts to provide technical assistance to municipalities in the Mid-Hudson Region in
developing greenhouse gas emissions inventories and climate action plans. Municipalities
participating in the HVRC Community GHG Cohorts,received a range of support including data
checks and community feedback.
Community Profile
The unincorporated section of the Town of Mamaroneck comprises 5.17 square miles. Over the
past ten years, the population of this area has remained unchanged at just under 12,000 people.
The Town is primarily suburban, with two small business areas, one located on Boston Post
Road and the other on Myrtle/Madison Avenues. Most of the business community is located in
the incorporated Villages of Mamaroneck and Larchmont, which are not covered by this GHG
Inventory.
Climate change is already affecting the Town of Mamaroneck through increasingly frequent
"100-year" storms, worsening flooding, and extreme heat, all of which strain natural resources
and heighten economic and public health risks. The Larchmont/Mamaroneck community has
long been vulnerable to flooding, but in recent years, severe storms and hurricanes have caused
unprecedented damage to infrastructure,homes, and local businesses, with significant economic
consequences. In 2021, Hurricane Ida devastated parts of the Town of Mamaroneck, flooding
homes and businesses with several feet of water. These impacts underscore the urgent need to
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 17
Page 9 of 102
reduce greenhouse gas emissions and strengthen the community's resilience as we plan for the
future.
Below is a sampling of the many programs the Town of Mamaroneck has participated in to help
decrease our GHG emissions: installing EV charging stations throughout the Town for public
and municipal usage, retrofitting Town buildings to reduce energy usage, modifying all
streetlights with LED bulbs,purchasing electric vehicles for municipal use,initiating a food
scrap recycling program, and participating in Sustainable Westchester's "Westchester Power"
program to deliver clean, predictably-priced energy to residents and businesses. Through our
website, social media, monthly e-newsletters, and community events, we encourage residents to
participate in programs such as Solarize, Community Solar and GridRewards. We also promote
County and NYS programs that help residents to purchase EVs through rebates and other
incentives. The Town was the second municipality in Westchester County to initiate a food
scrap recycling program, which has grown each year with residents dropping off their food
scraps at our sanitation facility. Our residents also participated in an "opt-out"program
(Westchester Power)which offered clean, predictably-priced renewable energy to thousands.
The Town of Mamaroneck recognizes the ecological, environmental, and quality-of-life benefits
provided by its tree canopy. In recognition of its sustained commitment to urban forestry, the
Town has been designated a Tree City for 34 years. The Town has also implemented a
comprehensive Tree Care Ordinance, established a dedicated tree planting program and budget,
and developed tree care guidance for residents.
The Town is proud to steward several conservation areas, including the Hommocks Conservation
Area, the Leatherstocking Trail, and the Sheldrake River Trails. Biannual cleanup initiatives are
conducted within these areas, and the Town's Conservation Department hires student
conservation crews each summer to perform trail maintenance, manage vegetation, construct
boardwalks, and support additional conservation efforts. The Town also collaborates with our
volunteer Sustainability Collaborative and student volunteers to remove invasive species and
restore native plantings. The Town of Mamaroneck remains committed to preserving and
expanding its tree canopy wherever feasible, recognizing trees as vital tools for carbon
sequestration, environmental resilience, and the enhancement of public green space for residents.
In conclusion, through its many environmental programs within the municipality and throughout
the community, the Town has shown that reducing greenhouse gas emissions is a priority.
Key Findings
The Town of Mamaroneck's communitywide emissions totaled 168,298 MTCO2e. The
breakdown of this number is provided in Table 1 and Figure 1 below. The largest emitting sector
is Residential, which accounts for 57,878 MTCO2e, or 34% of the total community emissions.
The second largest contributor to the Town of Mamaroneck's communitywide emissions is
Transportation, which accounts for 55,417 MTCO2e, or 33% of the overall emissions in 2021.
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 18
Page 10 of 102
The third largest contributor to the Town of Mamaroneck's communitywide emissions is
Commercial, which accounts for 28,965 MTCO2e, or 17% of the overall emissions in 2021.
When combined, residential and transportation emissions are over 67% of the Town of
Mamaroneck's community-wide emissions; when commercial emissions are included, the total is
84%.
Agriculture, Wastewater and Industrial emissions represent a relatively low number because
these sectors make up a small proportion of emissions activity. Regarding Wastewater,the vast
majority of Town households are served by the wastewater treatment plant,with less than 2%
using private septic systems.
GHG Emissions Sectors
GHG EMISSION SECTORS MTCO2e*
Residential 57,878
6%
Commercial 28,965 1i
•Residential
Industrial 290 0% ■commercial
Transportation 55,417 6 % ■industrial
Solid Waste 4,574 ■Transpurtatiun
Wastewater 1,688 ■Solid Waste
Industrial Processes 9,755 Ilk 33% wastewater
■Industrial Processes
Agriculture 11
17% ■Agriculture
EnergySupply9,329 °%
■Energy Supply
Total Emissions 168,298
Population 19,466
Per Capita Emissions 9
'Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
Going forward, the Town of Mamaroneck will review emission reduction efforts on sectors with
the highest emissions, namely the Residential and Transportation sectors. The next steps are to
consider the emissions reduction target and to develop a Community Climate Action Plan that
identifies specific quantified strategies that can cumulatively meet that target.
Please refer to the community profile on page seven for a detailed list of the many initiatives the
Town has undertaken to promote the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to date.
Community GHG Methods Summary
In 2023, Hudson Valley Regional Council (HVRC) updated the 2010 Mid-Hudson Regional
Inventory. This inventory is based on the methods in the 2015 Regional and Community
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventory Guidance as required by the Climate Smart Communities
(CSC) Program (See Appendix B for complete methodology). HVRC updated data and methods
used in the 2010 Mid-Hudson Regional GHG Inventory developed by ICF for NYSERDA that
includes the Town of Mamaroneck.
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 19
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Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic and data availability, multiple years of data were used and
therefore we are referring to this as a 2021 Inventory Update. We have described the reason
why a specific year was chosen in the methods of each sector. In general, direct data sources
were updated using new sets available, such as from the 2020 Census, Utility Energy Registry
(UER), or the US Energy Information Administration (EIA). All data was updated with 2021
information where available and Census data was updated with 2020 data. UER data was
updated with 2022 information because it was the most accurate full year of data. Where direct
data was not available, the 2010 emissions totals for the region were extrapolated based on
external drivers such as population, emissions factors, and fleet fuel economy trends. Some
sources were kept the same where there was reasonable justification to do so.
A summary of all the methods is listed below:
Built Environment 2010 Method Summary 2021 Update Method
Update population with 2020
Population 2010 Census Data Census Data
Tank Fuels(fuel oil,propane,kerosene,residual fuel oil)
EIA SEDS data apportioned by home heating SEDs trend apportioned by home
Residential fuel choice 2010 Census heating fuel choice 2020 Census
Scale 2010 emissions by
population change,and by SEDs
Commercial EIA SEDS data apportioned by Employment trend
Pie Slice Method. Point Source EPA/GHG
MMR Data, NYSDEC DAQ, EPA Title 5 Data
assigned as point sources.Take SEDS
industrial sector for NY, remove point
sources,and apportion remaining to
municipalities by industrial electricity use as Update point source data-keep
Industrial a proxy for small industry location. piece slice data the same
EIA-932,assign as point sources to Update with 2022(most recent)
_Energy Generation _municipalities _EIA-923 data and EIA GIS Map
Utility Energy Reported by Utilities- Residential, Use UER data for 2022,update
(electricity,natural gas) Commercial,and Industrial sectors. emission factor to EGRID 2021
Estimated as 2%LUFG for natural gas,and Use same method with new
T/D Losses 2%T/D losses for electricity consumption updated data
Ozone Depleting 2010 US GHG Inventory sector total Scale emissions by population
Substances(ODS) apportioned by population change
EPA/GHG MRR data assigned as point Industrial Process emissions from
Industrial Process sources 2021 EPA GHG reporting tool
Transportation
VMT developed by CDTC for municipalities in
four counties,and in the others VMT
downscaled to municipalities from DOT-
supplied county level data. VMT converted
to fuel consumption using fleet-average fuel Scale 2010 emissions by
economy by vehicle type. Assumed 10%of population change,and by fleet
On-Road(gasoline,diesel) gasoline is ethanol. average fuel economy
Off-Road NYS DEC-supplied county data apportioned Scale 2010 emissions by
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 110
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to municipalities by population and other population change
factors. NYS DEC DAQ data developed to
support air quality compliance rules pursuant
to EPA Title 5
Apportioned total US aircraft GHG footprint
by total arrival and departure miles in the 8-
county REDC compared to US flight miles.
These apported that to municipalities by Keep the same- Not enough new
Air(Scope 3) population. data available
Based on a NYSERDA study on rail-sector fuel Keep the same- Not enough new
Rail consumption data available
Based on the US National Emissions Keep the same-Not enough new
Marine Inventory at a county level data available
Waste Management
Reported to NYS DEC,Section 10 of landfill Update point source data from
Landfills-Direct reports. 2021 landfill reports
Total waste generated by
Total waste generated by counties from counties from landfill reports is
landfill reports is converted to GHG converted to GHG emissions,and
emissions,and then apportioned to then apportioned to
Landfills-Indirect municipalities by population. municipalities by population.
Update SIT with population
served by WWTPs, apportioned
Emissions from all WWTPs estimated using to municipalities. Septic emissions
LGOP methods,and then apportioned to not included here but in separate
Sewage-Indirect municipalities by population. calculator.
Agriculture
County-level emissions calculated using EPA
State Inventory Tool,using default emission
factors for NYS.,then allocated to Not enough information to
Livestock/Fertilizer municipalities by population. update in this scope.
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 111
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Appendix A. GHG Protocol
The process of designing an inventory entails several decisions and procedural steps:
• Inventory geography and boundaries: This inventory estimates GHG emissions for the
Mid-Hudson Region's seven counties: Dutchess, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, Sullivan,
Ulster, and Westchester. It includes emissions from electricity imported into the region as
well as emissions from waste exported from the region. Product life-cycle emissions
(e.g., emissions associated with the production and distribution from imported goods and
services) are not included.
• Municipal boundaries: The Mid-Hudson Region is comprised of 12 cities and 106
towns, in addition to 80 villages that lie within them. This municipal allocation reports
total estimates for each city and town, including activity in the underlying villages.
Activity and emissions for each village are also tracked and reported separately,but not
counted in the totals. Below are factors that were taken into consideration in compiling
the data:
o The Town of Palm Tree was established on January 1, 2019, and is coterminous
with the Village of Kiryas Joel and was added to the regional inventory.
o The Village of South Nyack was dissolved into the Town of Orangetown,
officially as of April 1, 2022. It was decided by the 2021 Inventory team to
remove the Village from the inventory. For the months the Village was a separate
entity,its emissions will be accounted for in Orangetown's emissions totals.
o Some sectors,however, report activity data for towns excluding village activities.
In these cases, the following method is applied:
• Village assignments—The 2010 Inventory team produced village
assignments from The New York State Data Center.3 These assignments
have not changed and were used in the update. When activity data are
reported for towns (excluding villages) and villages, the town activity data
are added with those of the village(s)within it.
• Split villages—Ten villages in the Mid-Hudson Region are split between
towns. To assign reported village activity data to the correct towns, the
percentage of the village's population in each town is used. This
population breakdown was found in 2010 from the New York State Data
Center and kept the same.4 The split activity data are then included in the
totals for each town as appropriate.
• Sources: The activities selected for the regional inventory are based on those included in
the NYGHG Protocol and defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency's US
Inventory of Greenhouse Gases' and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.6
These categories are:
o Stationary Energy Consumption—use of energy in homes, businesses, and
other non-mobile uses. In compliance with the NYGHG Protocol,these are
3 New York State Data Center,Estimates of the Resident Population:New York State Governmental Units,2000 to
2009—Revised September 2010.
4 Ibid.
5 U.S.EPA,Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021,April 2023.
6 IPCC,2006 IPPC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 112
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reported separately for the Residential, Commercial, and Industrial sectors.
Emissions are also calculated for Electricity Generation, but these are not
included in the regional total to avoid double-counting with indirect emissions
from electricity consumption.
o Transportation Energy Consumption—use of energy in transportation,
including on-road transportation, passenger and freight rail, aviation, marine
transportation, and off-road vehicles. Aviation emissions are estimated but not
included in the regional total because they are considered an optional source
under the NYGHG Protocol.
o Energy Generation and Supply—fugitive emissions and energy losses due to
the transmission and distribution of electricity and natural gas.
o Agriculture—non-energy emissions from agriculture, including both crops and
livestock(e.g., methane emissions associated with livestock and nitrous oxide
emissions associated with fertilizer application).
o Waste Management—non-energy emissions related to managing solid waste,
including trash and wastewater(e.g., methane emissions associated with the
anaerobic decay of waste disposed of in landfills). As discussed below, two types
of solid waste emissions are calculated, but only one is included in the total to
avoid double counting.
o Industrial Processes—non-energy emissions associated with industrial activity
(e.g., carbon dioxide emissions associated with cement production or emissions
associated with coolants for air conditioners) and fugitive emissions from fuel
systems (leakages in the production, distribution, and transmission of fossil fuels).
o Land Use,Land Use Change, and Forestry—emissions from changes in the
amount of carbon stored in soil and plants due to land use and forestry practices
(e.g., from clearing forest land for residential, commercial, or agricultural use)
This is also considered an optional source under the NYGHG Protocol, and it is
not included in the regional totals.
o Under the NYGHG Protocol, these are further arranged into different categories
for reporting. There, the"Built Environment" sector includes Stationary Energy
Consumption, Energy Generation and Supply, and Industrial Process. The
Transportation Energy, Waste Management,Agriculture, and Land Use and
Forestry sectors all match the sectors identified above.
• Greenhouse gases included: This inventory evaluates the impact of the three gases
which together comprise 98% of national emissions: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane
(CH4), and nitrous oxide (N20), as well as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),perfluorocarbons
(PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) emissions from the substitution of ozone depleting
substances (ODS).7 Together, CO2, CH4, and N20 make up 97.1% of national
greenhouse gas emissions in 2021.8
Different greenhouse gases have different capacities to trap heat in the atmosphere.To compare and sum the
impacts of different gases,the United Nations'Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)developed the
Global Warming Potential(GWP)concept,in which the GWP of each greenhouse gas is compared to that of CO2,
whose GWP is defined as 1.The GWP of methane(CH4)is 21,and nitrous oxide(N20)is 310.GWPs for some
gases are much higher—the GWP for SF6,for example is 23,900.For more information,see US EPA,Inventory of
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1.990-2027,April 2023.
8 US EPA,Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021,April 2023.
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 113
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• Quantification approach: This inventory uses a blend of top-down data (e.g., state fuel
consumption estimates) and bottom-up data(customer utility data). This mix was dictated
by data availability, existing protocols, and resource limitations.
• Base year: The base year for this analysis is 2010. It was selected by the Working Group
because 2010 was the most current year for many of the data sets used in the original
inventory.
• Update year: This inventory was updated in 2023, by HVRC, using data from 2020,
2021, and 2022.
All emissions are reported in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent(MTCO2e). A metric ton
is 1,000 kilograms, or 2,206 pounds—about 10% larger than the 2,000-pound ton commonly
used in the United States.
The inventory is organized by source and by "Scope." Scope refers to the degree of control that
the regional community has over the emission source. Although the Scope framework was first
developed for corporate-level GHG inventories, a similar principle can be applied here. The
basic definition of the Scopes for community-wide emissions is as follows:
• Scope 1: All direct emissions that occur physically within a boundary, such as those
emitted by burning natural gas or fuel oil in homes, schools, and businesses.
• Scope 2: Indirect emissions from utility energy generation plants based on the amount of
electricity (or other utilities such as hot water or steam) consumed within the boundary,
regardless of where the plants are located.
• Scope 3: All other indirect, upstream, or lifecycle emissions attributed to community
activity, regardless of where they occur.
In some cases, emissions may be calculated in two ways. Emissions associated with electricity
are calculated under both Scope 1 (direct emissions from generation) and Scope 2 (indirect
emissions from consumption), but only Scope 2 emissions are included in the total, while Scope
1 emissions are provided as an informational item. Similarly, emissions from waste management
are calculated under both Scope 1 (direct emissions from landfills located within the community)
and Scope 3 (indirect emissions from waste generation, which includes both landfilled and
incinerated waste). Only Scope 3 emissions are included in the total.
Appendix B below is organized by source and Scope, and the emission totals for each source are
listed by county. The municipal-level downscaling of the regional inventory is presented in
Appendix C.Not all sources have a readily available method for allocation to the municipal
level, and unallocated sources have been identified. Given the uncertainty in the allocation
process, the allocation is intended as a starting point for estimating community emissions for all
municipalities in the region, and individual municipal efforts can likely improve on the level of
detail available.
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 114
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Appendix B. Data & Methods
B.1. Stationary Energy Consumption
Stationary energy consumption includes direct emissions from the combustion of natural gas,
coal, kerosene, distillate, motor gasoline, and other fuels, as well as indirect emissions from
electricity consumption. Direct emissions from residential, commercial, industrial, and
electricity-generating activities in the region are included in Scope 1. Indirect emissions from the
consumption of electricity are included in Scope 2. To avoid double-counting, Scope 1 emissions
from electricity generation are not included in the regional total but are reported here for
informational purposes.
1.1 Electricity—Scope 1
Data & Methods
The primary data source for electricity generation is the U.S. Energy Information
Administration's (EIA) Form 923 facility production data for 2022.9 This dataset reports total
fuel consumption (in physical units and British thermal units, or BTUs) and total net generation
in megawatt hours (MWh).This data can be gathered through EIA's web data query portal. Data
for new renewable energy power plants was gathered from EIA's Interactive GIS Data Viewer.10
Emissions from electricity generation are estimated by multiplying total fuel consumption for
each plant by the appropriate CO2, CH4, and N20 emission factors to calculate the total emission
by gas.
1.2 Electricity—Scope 2
Data & Methods
Scope 2 emissions from electricity consumption are calculated using a combination of reported
usage from utilities and, where utility data are unavailable, consumption estimates. Electricity
consumption estimates are calculated along with the fuels discussed in the Scope 1 fuels section
(Section 1.3). Central Hudson Gas & Electric, ConEdison,NYSEG, and Orange& Rockland
Utilities data was obtained from the Utility Energy Registry (UER).11 The 2021 Inventory
Update team obtained data from the platform's back-end website,where utility data is directly
uploaded and check before being published to the main UER webpage. To access this data,
contact UER managers through the "Feedback"tab of the website.
The data covers all municipalities (cities,towns, and villages) in the region fully,therefore
utility-reported usage was used. Some municipalities are in the service area of two utilities and
the usage from both utilities is accounted for in their total consumption. Data was missing from
April in all Central Hudson communities, due to a reporting error. In this case, April data was
calculated using an average of the data from March and May.
9 U.S.Energy Information Administration,2022.Form EIA-923 detailed data merged with 860 form data.
1°U.S.Energy Information Administration,2022.Interactive GIS Data Viewer.
11 Utility Energy Registry.https://utilityregistry.org/app/#/
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The reported usage for that area (in MWh) serves as the full electricity data for that town or
village. Where Commercial and Industrial data were not available, the UER data provided
Residential and Non-Residential (Commercial +Industrial) sectors; the statewide breakdown in
electricity consumption was used (80% commercial, 20% industrial). There are 4 municipalities
in Dutchess, 2 in Putnam, 4 in Rockland, 4 in Ulster, and 29 in Westchester that participate in
Community Choice Aggregation (CCA). CCA allows participating local governments to procure
energy supply service and distributed energy resources (DER) for eligible energy customers in
the community. These customers can opt out of the procurement if desired. CCA customers
receive a fixed electricity rate while maintaining transmission and distribution service from the
existing Distribution Utility.
CCA allows local governments to work together through a shared purchasing model to put out
for bid the total amount of electricity and/or natural gas being purchased by eligible customers
within the jurisdictional boundaries of participating municipalities. Eligible customers can have
more control to lower their overall energy costs,to spur clean energy innovation and investment,
to improve customer choice and value, and to protect the environment.12
CCA data by municipality was collected from CCA administrators, Westchester Power13 and
Joule Community Power.14 The administrators report total renewable load (kWh), first
converted to MWh, which was then subtracted from total residential electricity consumption
from the UER. Adoption of 100%renewable CCA lowers emissions from electricity
consumption in the municipalities that participate. In the Summary Table spreadsheet there is a
tab explaining what each of the municipalities' emissions would be if the CCA had not been in
place during 2022. The emissions reductions are higher in Westchester than for the other
counties because the NYCW eGRID region has significantly higher fossil fuel usage than the
NYUP grid.
Electricity usage information from the UER separated usage between non-village components of
towns and villages. To aggregate all activity data to the city and town level (to include village
activity), the method of assigning villages and village components to towns, described in
`Appendix—Municipal-Level Allocation' was used. This method was applied to both electricity
usage and households. The process resulted in a sum of reported electricity consumption for each
city and town in the Mid-Hudson Region, along with the number of households the reported data
applied to.
Electricity usage in MWh was then converted to one million BTU (MMBTU) and emissions
using the EPA's Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID) 2021 emission
factors for the Upstate New York(NYUP) and New York City/Westchester(NYCW) sub-
regions.15 NYCW emission factors were applied to electricity consumption in Westchester
County. The NYUP factor was applied to all other counties. Four Westchester communities,
12 NYSERDA.Community Choice Aggregation.
13 Sustainable Westchester.Westchester Power 2022 Annual Report.
14 Joule Community Power.2022 Annual Report.
1s EPA,2021.eGRID.
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Towns of Lewisboro,North Salem, Pound Ridge, and Somers, are entirely in NYSEG territory,
which uses the NYUP emissions factor, and was applied to their electricity consumption. In the
case of the Towns of Bedford and Yorktown, which are in both ConEd and NYSEG territory,
both emission factors were used. The percentage of accounts in the towns that belong to each
utility was calculated, and that amount was multiplied by the respective emission factors—
NYUP for NYSEG and NYCW for ConEd.
Finally, county-level electricity consumption and emissions estimates were calculated by
summing the results for all cities and towns within each county.
1.3 Fuels—Scope 1
Data & Methods
Different methods are used to estimate consumption and estimates from natural gas (for all
sectors), residential stationary fuels, commercial stationary fuels, and industrial stationary fuels.
Each method is described here.
Natural gas consumption was estimated using a combination of reported usage from utilities. In
the 2010 Inventory, many municipalities did not have available utility data, so consumption
estimates were used. Central Hudson Gas & Electric, ConEdison,NYSEG, and Orange &
Rockland Utilities' natural gas utility data for the 151 municipalities they serve in the Mid-
Hudson Region was obtained from the UER. Where Commercial and Industrial data were not
available,the UER data provided Non-Residential data (Commercial +Industrial), and the
statewide breakdown in electricity consumption was used (77% commercial, 23%industrial).
For locations fully served by the utilities reporting, the reported usage for that area (converted to
MMBTU) serves as the full natural gas consumption for that city, town, or village. For industrial
natural gas, consumption was estimated using the method described below for other Scope 1
fuels. If a county's total consumption reported in the utility data was greater than the estimated
amount,then the utility data was used.
For all Scope 1 stationary fuels other than natural gas, the primary data sources for residential
stationary combustion include the US Census Bureau Housing Unit data for 2020,16 the
American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year housing characteristic estimate for 202017 and the
Energy Information Administration's (EIA)New York State Energy Data System (SEDS) 2021
residential fuel consumption data, Table CT4.18 In the 2010 Mid-Hudson Regional Inventory,
calculation guidance was provided by the 2010 NYGHG Working Group to develop a weighted
estimate based on the occupancy of single-family detached(SFD), single-family attached(SFA),
or multi-family (MF) dwellings, energy use per housing unit by different types of dwellings,the
average Heating Degree Days (HDD) for each region in the state, and the use of household
16 U.S.Census Bureau,2020.Table H 1 —Housing Units.
17 U.S.Census Bureau,2020.Table DP04—Selected Housing Characteristics.
18 U.S.Energy Information Administration,2021.Residential Fuel Consumption,Table CT4. SEDS New York.
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heating fuels by household count. Utility data was used in lieu of the estimation method when
available and is discussed below.
Residential stationary combustion emissions are estimated by first estimating fuel consumption,
and then multiplying estimated fuel consumption by fuel-specific emission factors. To estimate
consumption, housing data—number of housing units by type (SFD, SFA, or MF) and household
heating fuel usage counts (oil, natural gas,propane, electricity, coal or coke, wood, and solar)—
from the ACS was collected for each county in the state and for each municipality in the region.
Total SFD and SFA housing units were indicated in the data. Total MF housing units were
assumed to equal categories for 2 or more units,plus mobile home, boat, RV, van, and other.
These counts, which included both occupied and vacant housing units, were multiplied by the
percentage of occupied housing units in each municipality to convert the housing units by type to
occupied units by type. The heating fuel counts were based only on occupied units.
Next, the occupied housing units were adjusted to account for the difference in energy use per
housing unit by dwelling type, as determined in the 2010 Mid-Hudson Regional Inventory by
the NYGHG Working Group: a SFD uses 108 MMBTU per year, while a SFA uses 89 MMBTU per
year, and a MF uses 54 MMBTU per year. The adjusted housing unit calculations were
unchanged in the 2021 Inventory Update. The adjusted housing units for each county were
calculated as:
108 89 54
Adjusted HU = 10—8 x SFAHU+—x SFAHU + —x MFHU
108108
Where:
HU="housing units",the total number of housing units by county
SFAHU="single-family detached housing units",the number of single family detached units by
county
SFAHU="single-family attached housing units",the number of single family attached units by
county
MFHU='multi-family housing units",the number of multi-family units by county(defined as
2+family houses, plus mobile home,boat, RV,van,and other)
The following process was developed to estimate the total fuel use by county for fuel oil but has
been applied to estimate the other six fuel types:
Adjusted HU
Adjusted HU,„it = HUoil x HU
Where:
HU = "housing units", the total number of housing units by county
HUori=total number of housing units that heat with oil by county
The residential consumption for each county weighted by structure type and county-specific
heating degree day (HDD)was calculated as:
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(Adjusted HUDG2 x Il DD)cc,, ty
0i1 Secouttty = Total Oil USestatewzde X
(Adjusted HUoid x HDD)
stutewade
Once energy use was established for each fuel as described above, it was multiplied by the
emission factors to estimate total emissions. Emission factors for CO2, CH4, and N20 for each of
the seven fuel types have been gathered from guidance-based EPA's Mandatory Reporting of
Greenhouse Gases Program (GHGRP). Total emissions are calculated by gas and are rolled up
into a total for each county.
Electricity consumption was applied to all households, rather than to just those using electricity
as a heating fuel,to capture the total emissions, and falls under Scope 2. HDD weighting was not
applied to electricity consumption, since the weighting should only affect the portion that heats
with electricity, but that was not identified here. All other fuels considered here are Scope 1.
A modest number of households reported using coal or coke, yet statewide residential
consumption was not available. Energy per housing unit values for fuel oil was used as a proxy
to calculate coal or coke to correct for the unreported data.
Oil US ecou,ty
Coal Usecounty =Adjusted.HUcoa1 x
Adjusted HUO 1
Where:
HUo,i=total number of housing units that heat with oil statewide
HU,,,ai=total number of housing units that heat with coal statewide
Commercial stationary combustion is estimated using a similar apportionment of the EIA's state
energy consumption in the commercial sector using SEDS, commercial fuel consumption Table
CT5.19 The commercial apportionment from 2010 was used, as no updated information could be
found, using the following methods.
First, the amount of commercial square footage by county was determined by multiplying the
total number of commercial-sector jobs in each county (collected from the New York State Data
Center and 2010 NYGHG Working Group and not changed in the 2021 Inventory Update) times
the average square footage per worker per building type (collected from the Commercial
Building Energy Consumption Survey and provided by the 2010 NYGHG Working Group).
These were multiplied by the percentage housing units by fuel type as reported in the ACS
served to estimate the amount of space heated by each fuel. Finally, the calculated consumption
was weighted by HDD: the consumption of each fuel in each county equaled the commercial
building area using that fuel times the regional HDD, divided by the sum of the products of
commercial building area times HDD for all counties in the state. These estimates were
overwritten with electricity and natural gas consumption data collected from the utilities
wherever possible.
19 U.S.Energy Information Administration,2021.Commercial Fuel Consumption,Table CT5. SEDS New York.
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The primary data source for industrial stationary combustion is the EPA's Greenhouse Gas
Reporting Program (GHGRP) data for calendar year 2021.20 This dataset includes emission
information from large facilities (defined as those that emit at least 25,000 MTCO2e per year) in
nine industry groups, including: power plants, landfills, metals manufacturing, mineral
production, petroleum refineries, pulp and paper manufacturing, chemicals manufacturing,
government and commercial facilities, and other industrial facilities. These groups cover 29
source categories of emissions. This data is available through a web tool or for download. This
project used the most comprehensive dataset available, the full 2021 GHG Dataset.
Total statewide industrial fuel consumption for 2021 from EIA's SEDS, Table CT621 and
manufacturing employment in New York State and the Mid-Hudson Region counties were also
used to supplement the GHGRP dataset. Manufacturing employment data came from the U.S.
Census Bureau's 2007 Economic Census, Employment by the North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS) Code, codes 31-33.Not enough information could be found to
update the data from the Economic Census.
Industrial stationary combustion emissions are estimated using a combination of reported direct
emissions from the Mid-Hudson Region and a method to allocate statewide industrial fuel
consumption to the Mid-Hudson Region counties.
First, data was pulled for known industrial emissions in the Mid-Hudson Region from EPA's
GHGRP dataset. The 2010 Inventory team used the following process to identify industrial
facilities located in the Mid-Hudson Region. The process also checked, using the facility city,
whether any facilities that did not have county designations were actually located in the Mid-
Hudson Region. Finally, non-industrial facilities were removed from the list by NAICS code.
Facilities that were removed from consideration were Utilities (with NAICS codes beginning
with 22-), Lessors of Real Estate (531120), Solid Waste Landfills (562212), Solid Waste
Combustors and Incinerators (562213), and Universities (611310). The result was a set of eight
industrial facilities from the GHGRP dataset located in the Mid-Hudson Region.
Second, the industrial facilities from EPA's GHGRP dataset were cross-checked(during the
2010 Inventory process and were not updated)with those in the Title V air permit data from the
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. To identify industrial facilities
from the Title V dataset located in the Mid-Hudson Region, facilities were filtered by state and
county.Non-industrial facilities were then removed from the list based on the listed Standard
Industrial Classification (SIC) code, a related set of classification codes. Only facilities with SIC
codes for Manufacturing (beginning with 20-to 39-), and Gas Production and Distribution
(beginning with 492-)were kept. Facilities that were already included in the EPA's GHGRP
were removed. The result was a list of nine additional facilities located in the Mid-Hudson
Region. Added to the eight GHGRP facilities, this resulted in a final list of 17 industrial facilities
located in the Mid-Hudson Region.
2°U.S.EPA,Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program FLIGHT Tool.
21 U.S.Energy Information Administration,2021.Industrial Fuel Consumption,Table CT6. SEDS New York.
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The list of industrial facilities and their stationary combustion emissions established by the 2010
Inventory team was used by the 2021 Inventory Update team as a guide to update industrial
emissions. The remaining industrial emissions (for example, from smaller industrial sources) are
estimated using a process to allocate statewide industrial fuel consumption emissions to the Mid-
Hudson Region counties based on industrial employment. Using 2021 industrial fuel
consumption data22 (in trillion BTU) from EIA's State Energy Data System,total New York
State emissions, by fuel, were calculated using the default emission factors per MMBTU
established by the NYGHG Protocol. The remaining emissions, statewide, were then allocated to
the county level by the portion of statewide industrial manufacturing employment in that county
(based on employment data by NAICS code from the 2007 Economic Census). Total emissions
in each county represent the sum of reported emissions and the allocated emissions.
The following process was followed for each fuel type:
NYS Industrial Stationary Combustion Emissions
= (trillion Btu consumed x 10-6 x MT Cate/ )
mmBtu
by fuel
Remaining emissions
= NYS Industrial Stationary Combustion Emissions
—Reported LHV Stationary Combustion Emissions
Industrial Employmentconnty
Remaining emissions = Remaining emissionsstate x
Industrial Employmentstate
Total Industrial Stationary Combustion Emissions county
= Reported Emissions count,+Remaining Emissionscounty
Currently, statewide industrial stationary combustion emissions are broken down into fuel types
using the statewide GHGRP industrial stationary combustion emissions total, apportioned to fuel
types based on EIA's statewide fuel consumption data.
1.4 Energy Supply
Emissions that result from energy supply processes are included here. These include electricity
transmission and distribution (T&D)losses,natural gas T&D losses, and the use of sulfur
hexafluoride (SF6)in the utility industry. The following methods are used to calculate emissions
from each.
22 U.S.Energy Information Administration,2021.SEDS New York Industrial Fuel Consumption Table CT6.The
fuel type"Other Petroleum Products"was adjusted to remove Asphalt and Road Oil,which are non-energy
products.Asphalt and Road Oil makes up about 62%of the Other Petroleum Products category,so 38%of the 51.2
trillion BTU(19.4 trillion BTU)was used to distribute among the Mid-Hudson counties.
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Data & Methods
To estimate losses due to electricity T&D, total electricity consumption (in MWh) is multiplied
by a T&D loss factor to determine the quantity of electricity lost during T&D. The 2010
Inventory used the Eastern regional loss factor of 5.28% from eGRID. The 2021 Inventory
Update uses the same eGRID loss factor. The total electricity lost is then multiplied by the
electricity emission factors (either NYUP or NYCW)to estimate emissions from electricity
T&D. For the four Westchester communities, Towns of Lewisboro,North Salem, Pound Ridge,
and Somers, in NYSEG territory and the Towns of Bedford and Yorktown in both ConEd and
NYSEG territory, the same emissions factors were used as described in the methods of Section
1.1 Electricity—Scope 2.
The following comes from the 2010 Inventory and has remained unchanged during the 2021
Inventory Update: Natural gas transmission and distribution losses from pipelines are sources of
CH4 emission. Utilities often report their average annual lost and unaccounted for(LAUF)
natural gas to the New York Public Service Commission.Natural gas consumption data were
gathered from Central Hudson Gas & Electric and Orange & Rockland Utilities and was
estimated for the remaining utilities. Central Hudson Gas & Electric reports a three year(2005-
2008) average LAUF of 1.07%.23 For utilities that do not report LAUF, the statewide average of
1.8% as documented by National Grid in Public Service Commission reporting will be used. The
estimated natural gas consumption for each utility was multiplied by the LAUF and then
converted from thousand cubic feet(Mcf) to MTCO2e.
SF6 is a greenhouse gas that is used as an electrical insulator in electricity T&D equipment.24 The
SF6 may escape from this equipment and emit into the atmosphere. To estimate these emissions,
a national average implied emission factor is used. The emission factor is estimated by dividing
2021 total SF6 emissions from electricity T&D from the U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory25 by
total nationwide retail electricity sales from the EIA.26 The resultant factor of 0.0021 MTCO2e
/MWh was applied to total electricity consumption in the Mid-Hudson Region.
B.2. Mobile Energy Consumption
2.1 On-Road
On-road mobile transportation includes travel by motor vehicles on roads in the Mid-Hudson
Region. The combustion of fuel in vehicles results in emissions of CO2, CH4 and N20. The
amount of CO2 emitted by vehicles depends on the amount of fuel consumed, whereas CH4 and
N20 emissions vary based on control technologies used by vehicles. On-road vehicles include
23 Central Hudson Gas&Electric Corporation,Case Nos.09-E-0588&09-G-0589,Response to Staff Information
Request No. 17.Natural Gas Losses Table.
24 U.S.EPA.Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021. Section 4.25,Electrical
Transmission and Distribution.
25 U.S.EPA.Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021.Table 4-1.
26 EIA. Summary Electricity Statistics,Table 1.2 Summary Statistics,2011-2021.(From Table 2.2 Sales).
https:;/www.eia.go', umual/html/epa01 02.html
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passenger cars, other 2-axle, and 4-axle vehicles, single-unit trucks,buses, combination trucks,
and motorcycles.
Data & Methods
There are 3 data components needed to estimate mobile energy emissions:
• Types of vehicles on the road ("Vehicle Mix")
• Distance traveled by on-road vehicles ("VMT,"vehicle miles traveled)
• Fuel consumption per vehicle type ("Fuel Economy")
Vehicle Mix. Data on the on-road vehicle mix for each functional class of road (e.g., rural
interstate, urban freeways and expressways)were obtained for each New York State Department
of Transportation (NYSDOT) region from NYSDOT's Environmental Science Bureau dataset.27
The breakdown of vehicle types for each functional class of road was translated to Highway
Performance Monitoring System (HPMS)vehicle categories by the NYGHG Working Group in
2010. This was not changed in the 2021 Inventory Update.
Distance. Data on vehicle miles traveled (VMT)was obtained from NYSDOT modeled data for
all counties. County-level VMT data was available by functional class of roadway for 2019
through a Freedom of Information Law (FOIL) Request to the NYSDOT.
Fuel Economy. State- or regional-level data on the fuel economy of the Mid-Hudson Region's
vehicle fleet were not available. As a proxy, national average fuel economy values by vehicle
class were used based on the Federal Highway Administration's Highway Statistics 2019 series.
Data Quality. Table 1 presents the data used to estimate emissions from on-road mobile energy
consumption. As shown, 2009 data was unchanged for Vehicle Mix, and 2019 is the latest year
available for VMT and Fuel Economy that was not impacted by the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Table 1 —On-road Energy Consumption Data Summary
Data by Functional
Granularity Class Vintage of Data Notes
VMT Counties Yes 2019
Vehicle Mix NYSDOT Regions Yes 2009
Do not have separate
fuel economy values
for gasoline and diesel
Fuel Economy National Data No 2019 vehicles.
The general methodology for estimating CO2 emissions from mobile consumption is:
CO, emissions =Fuel Consumption x Emission Factor
27 NYSDOT Environmental Science Bureau,2009.Mobile 6.2 CO Emission Factors for project-level microscale
analysis.
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Fuel consumption in the Mid-Hudson Region was estimated by determining the distance traveled
by different vehicle types and the amount of fuel consumed by each type of vehicle (fuel
economy). First, data on total annual distance (VMT)traveled by vehicles within each county
was allocated to vehicle types using the NSYDOT dataset on the breakdown of vehicles on NY
roads (vehicle mix)by functional class of road. For each vehicle type and functional class, VMT
data were multiplied by the average fuel economy of each vehicle type to determine total annual
fuel consumption for each vehicle type. Total gasoline and diesel fuel consumption was then
multiplied by the CO2 emission factor for each fuel, which resulted in an estimate of CO2
emissions for the region. In equation form:
CO2 emissions(MT) =Z VMTab x FCab x EFab
Where:
VMT =annual vehicle miles traveled(miles/year)
FC =fuel consumption per mile traveled(gallons per mile;1t fuel economy)
EF =Emission factor(MTCOigallon of fuel)
a =fuel type(diesel or gasoline)
b =vehicle type(passenger car,bus,combination truck,motorcycle,single-unit truck,
and other 2/4 axle trucks)
Based on guidance from the NYGHG Protocol, it was assumed that 10% of gasoline sold in New
York is comprised of ethanol, so 10% of gasoline consumed was assumed to be ethanol. CO2
emissions from ethanol were assumed to be zero, as biogenic CO2 is not included in this
inventory.
Methane and nitrous oxide make up less than 2% of on-road transportation emissions and require
data on the types of vehicle control technologies in use in the region's on-road vehicle fleet. For
the 2010 Mid-Hudson Region GHG inventory,per the guidelines of the NYGHG Protocol,non-
CO2 emissions from vehicles were estimated by multiplying CO2 emissions by the ratio of CH4
and N20 emissions from transportation per million tons (MT) of CO2 emissions (MTCO2e
/MTCO2). This ratio, obtained from the EPA's Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and
Sinks: 1990-2010, is 0.000994 MTCO2e of CH4 per MTCO2 and 0.01367 MTCO2e of N2O per
MTCO2 of on-road transportation emissions. This ratio from the 2010 Inventory was used in the
2021 Inventory Update.
2.2 Air
Airplanes that fly in and out of airports in the Mid-Hudson Region are sources of emissions. This
inventory uses the Scope 3 approach to estimate emissions from flight, which apportions national
emissions based on the share of national commercial air mileage starting or ending at an airport
in the region.
The six regional airports with recorded commercial flight data are Kline Kill Airport(airport
code NY1) in Ulster County, Sky Acres Airport(NY5) in Dutchess County, Sullivan County
International Airport(MSV) in Sullivan County, Stewart International Airport(SWF)in Orange
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County, Dutchess County Airport(POU) in Dutchess County, and Westchester County Airport
(HPN) in Westchester County.
Data & Methods
There is not enough information available to update this sector. The methods used in the 2010
Inventory are as follows:
The flight dataset is from the U.S. Department of Transportation's Bureau of Transportation
Statistics. Data of interest includes the number of performed flights and the distance traveled in
2010.National flight emissions data (114,000,000 MTCO2e) is from the U.S. Inventory for
2010.28
The data was filtered to include only domestic flights from and to the six airports in the Mid-
Hudson Region. Total miles traveled in 2010 were calculated for each route by multiplying the
number of performed flights with the distance per trip. The total miles of flights from and to each
of the six airports were calculated. Flight miles are halved in the emissions calculations because
emissions from half the trip are attributed to the origin airport and half are attributed to the
destination airport. This ensures that two regions following the same methodology would not
double-count emissions. Regional flight emissions were calculated using the following:
Regional f light emissions
Regional Departing flight miles+Regional Arriving f light miles
National flight miles
x National Flight Emissions x 0.5
2.3 Marine
The marine transportation sector includes engines used for pleasure craft purposes and
commercial marine vehicles on the Hudson River.
Data & Methods
There is not enough information available to update this sector. The methods used in the 2010
Inventory are as follows:
Non-commercial marine off-road vehicle use and emissions data for each of the seven counties
in the Mid- Hudson Region in 2007 was obtained using EPA's NONROAD Emissions Model.
The model input values were adjusted by the New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation (NYS DEC). Among other emission types, the NONROAD model estimates
carbon dioxide emissions. The emissions from all off-road vehicles within the pleasure craft
classification in each county were summed and converted to MTCO2e from short tons.
28 U.S.EPA.Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2010. Table 3-12.
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Commercial marine emissions for each county were calculated based on carbon monoxide (CO)
emissions for the sector reported in the 2008 National Emissions Inventory.29 The National
Emissions Inventory contains CO emissions, by county, for the"Mobile—Commercial Marine
Vessels" sector. A ratio of CO2 to CO emissions was used to estimate CO2 emissions from
commercial marine vessels. The ratio was based on CO2 and CO emission factors for low-sulfur
fuel oil no. 6. The CO2/CO emission factor ratio (25,000 lb CO2/10 3 gal over 5 lb CO/l0 3
gal)30 was then multiplied by total CO emissions for each county to get CO2 emissions for
commercial marine vessels.
2.4 Rail
Emissions from railroad locomotives result from the use of diesel fuel.
Data & Methods
There is not enough information available to update this sector. The methods used in the 2010
Inventory are as follows:
Due to the limited amount of data available in this sector, the NYGHG Working Group elected
to use data from the 2002 New York State Locomotive Survey31 as a proxy for 2010 emissions.
The survey collected information on 2002 locomotive fuel use for four categories of
locomotives: Class I, Class IUIII, commuter/passenger, and switchyard. Class I railroads are
large, long-distance line haul railroads and Class II and III railroads consist primarily of regional
and local line haul and switching railroads. Yard locomotives move railcars within a particular
railway yard.
The survey reported county-level fuel consumption for Class I and system-wide fuel
consumption estimates for Class IUIII locomotives. The survey also reported county-level fuel
consumption estimates from passenger/commuter lines that operate diesel locomotive cars. The
Class I rail companies in New York State operate switchyards and the fuel consumption from
switchyards in the Mid-Hudson Region could not be separated out from line haul fuel
consumption.
The county-level Class I and commuter/passenger fuel consumption estimates were multiplied
by the diesel fuel CO2 emission factor to calculate CO2 emissions. The fuel consumption
estimates were converted by the diesel density factor and multiplied by the emission factors and
global warming potentials to calculate CH4 and N20 emissions.32 The inventory does not report
emission from the Class II/III rail type because the fuel consumption estimates are not reported
29 US EPA,2009,The National Emissions Inventory.
30 CO2 and CO emission factors came from EPA's AP 42 emissions factor report,fifth edition,Volume 1,Chapter
1,Section 1.3.
31 NYSERDA Clean Diesel Technology:Non-Road Field Demonstration Program.Development of the 2002
Locomotive Survey for New York State.
32 Default factors from EPA's 2012 State Inventory Tool(SIT),Mobile Combustion Module.The SIT's default
diesel density factors are from EIA Annual Energy Review 2007.The SIT's default diesel emission factors are from
IPCC 1996 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
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by county.
2.5 Off-Road
Emissions from off-road vehicles include engines used for agricultural, construction, lawn and
garden, and off-road recreation purposes.
Data & Methods
There is not enough information available to update this sector. The methods used in the 2010
Inventory are as follows:
Off-road vehicle use and emissions data for each of the seven counties in the Mid-Hudson
Region in 2007 was obtained using EPA's NONROAD Emissions Model. The model input
values were adjusted by NYS DEC. Among other emission types, the NONROAD model
estimates carbon dioxide emissions. The emissions from all off road vehicles, excluding those in
the pleasure craft classification, in each county were summed, and converted to MTCO2e from
short tons. To avoid double counting, the emission of vehicles in the pleasure craft classification
is accounted in the marine emission source and is not included in the off-road emission source.
B.3. Waste Management
The waste management sector encompasses solid waste and wastewater. The organic material in
solid waste and wastewater degrades during the decomposition and treatment processes and
emits greenhouse gases.
3.1 Solid Waste
The decomposition of organic matter in solid waste produces methane. For this inventory, both
Scope 1 and Scope 3 emissions for solid waste were calculated. Scope 1 represents emissions
from landfills located within the region, regardless of where the waste originated. Scope 3
represents emissions from waste generated by the region, regardless of where the waste is
ultimately transported. To avoid double-counting, only Scope 3 emissions are included in the
total and Scope 1 emissions from solid waste are reported here for informational purposes.
Scope 1
Scope 1 solid waste accounts for emissions from landfills located within Mid-Hudson Region
counties. According to the NYS DEC, there are no active municipal solid waste landfills in the
Mid-Hudson Region as of December 30, 2021.33 However, closed municipal solid waste landfills
may still be sources of emissions because waste emits methane for several decades as it decays.
Closed large municipal solid waste landfill facilities in the region include Orange County
Landfill and Croton Landfill. These two landfills were not included in the 2010 Inventory due to
data not being reported to the EPA's GHGRP during the time the inventory was being
completed.
33 NYS DEC Active Municipal Solid Waste Landfills.https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/23682.html
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In addition to the Orange County and Croton Landfills, there are two other landfills that are
included within the EPA's GHGRP: Al Turi Landfill and Sullivan County Landfill. Al Turi
Landfill was reporting to the EPA from 2010-2016 but has "discontinued reporting without a
valid reason as of August 12,2022."34 Sullivan County Landfill discontinued reporting for a
valid reason in 2016. Landfill facilities are eligible to stop reporting when emissions are less than
15,000 MTCO2e for three consecutive years, or less than 25,000 MTCO2e for five consecutive
years.35
Scope 1 does not include emissions from waste combustion facilities to avoid double-counting.
Those facilities, which are also used to generate electricity, are included under electricity
generation. Much of the electricity generated from these facilities is also accounted for in
electricity consumption.
Data &Methods
Data on emissions from landfills came from EPA's GHGRP data for calendar year 2021.36 This
dataset includes emission information from large facilities (defined as those that emit>25,000
MTCO2e per year) in nine industry groups, including landfills. This data is available through a
web tool for download. Methane emissions from landfill processes were reported as solid waste
Scope 1 emissions.
Scope 3
Solid waste Scope 3 accounts for emissions from waste generated within the Mid-Hudson
Region counties, regardless of where the waste is sent.
Data &Methods
Solid waste data from landfill facilities were compiled from NYS DEC 2021 Annual Landfill
Facility Reports.37 The solid waste data was filtered to include landfill facilities that service, or
receive waste from, the counties in the Mid-Hudson Region. Landfill gas (LFG) collection
acreage, total landfill acreage, and percent alternative daily cover(ADC) data were gathered
from NYS DEC 2021 Annual Landfill Facility Reports.38 Solid waste data from waste
combustion facilities that service the counties in the Mid-Hudson Region were gathered from
NYS DEC 2021 Annual Municipal Waste Combustion Facility Reports.39
The Annual Landfill Facility Reports provide solid waste data from all NYS landfills that service
the counties in the Mid-Hudson Region, except for Putnam County. Data was available from the
Putnam County Department of Solid Waste Management on the number of tons of solid waste
Putnam County sent to Wheelabrator Westchester. The tons of solid waste generated in Putnam
County were estimated using the following equation: population multiplied by MSW disposal
34 U.S.EPA,Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program FLIGHT Tool.
35 U.S.EPA 2019.GHG Data and Publication Frequently Asked Questions.
36 U.S.EPA,Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program FLIGHT Tool.
37 NYS DEC 2021.Annual Landfill Facility Reports.
38 Ibid.
39 NYS DEC 2021.Annual Municipal Waste Combustion Facility Reports.
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per capita(lbs/day) multiplied by 365/2000. The tons of incinerated waste from Putnam County
were then subtracted from the estimated MSW generated annually. This was done because, of the
total waste generated in Putnam County, the remaining 4.6% of waste that is not incinerated is
sent to an out-of-state landfill—this landfill was named"Out of State Landfill."
The weighted percentage of landfill area with LFG capture and weighted ADC were calculated
for each county based on the landfills that accept municipal solid waste (MSW)from each
county. For each unique landfill facility that services the Mid-Hudson Region, the percentage of
land in which gas is collected was calculated by dividing the gas collection acreage with the total
landfill acreage. The amount of MSW and construction and demolition waste (C&D) generated
by each county that was sent to landfills was calculated by summing the amount of waste from
the "service area(s)" of interest, which are the counties in the Mid-Hudson Region. Then, the
percentage of land with LFG capture for landfill facilities that collect MSW from each county
were weighted by the amount of MSW received from that county. The portion of land with LFG
captured for all counties ranged from 97%to 100%. The ADC percent for landfill facilities that
collect MSW from each county were also weighted by the amount of MSW received from that
county. For Putnam County's "Out of State Landfill"the %LFG Capture and ADC %were
calculated by averaging the percentages from the other landfills that service the region. The
inventory assumes no LFG capture and ADC for C&D waste.
Because the data from the Landfill Facility Reports does not include waste handled at transfer
stations or waste sent out of state, the inventory estimated total MSW generated by using MSW
daily disposal per capita for each county. This also ensured that the assumptions used here are
consistent with data used by the Mid-Hudson Regional Sustainability Plan. The New York State
Draft Solid Waste Management Plan provided data on MSW disposal per capita which was
compiled from various sources summarized in Table 2. The daily disposal per capita was
multiplied by the counties' population, converted from pounds to tons, and converted from daily
waste generation to annual. Using the data from the NYS DEC Annual Reports,the percentages
of generated MSW and C&D that were landfilled versus combusted in each county were
calculated. The amount of waste generated was multiplied by the counties' fraction of waste that
is sent to landfills to determine the amount of MSW landfilled. The amount of ADC was also
calculated by multiplying the MSW landfilled with the weighted ADC percent for each county.
The inventory sums up the amount of C&D generated using the data from the DEC Annual
Reports because those are the only sources with C&D data.
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Table 2—Waste Data from NYS Solid Waste Management Plan
Per Capita MSW Disposal
County Population Rate (lbs/day) Recycling Rate
Dutchess 295,911 4.15 45%
Orange 401,310 4.14 39%
Putnam 97,668 4.55 58%
Rockland 338,329 4.31 22%
Sullivan 78,624 5.24 6
Ulster 181,851 4.07 13%
Westchester 1,004,457 3.77 34%
Note: Recycling Rate includes MSW recycled/composted and C&D materials but does not include
combusted materials.
The California Air Resources Board(CARB) Landfill Emissions Tool Version 1.3 from 2011
was used to calculate Scope 3 emissions. The 2021 version of the tool that is publicly available
via CARB's website could not be edited; therefore, Version 1.3 was used to input NYS-specific
waste in place fractions. The tool implements the mathematically exact first-order decay (FOD)
model of the 2006 IPCC guidelines. The methodology of the FOD model is available in the
Local Government Operations Protocol.4o
The tool is used to calculate emissions that the waste generated in 2021 will emit over its lifetime
in a landfill. First, the number of years for which waste generated during the inventory year will
be releasing methane was calculated. The half-life of landfilled waste was calculated through the
following equation: k= ln(2)/half-life in years. K is determined based on the amount of annual
rainfall in the county, and an average rainfall of greater than 40 inches per year was assumed for
all counties in the Mid-Hudson Region. Given the rainfall assumption,k= 0.057. The half-life
was multiplied by four half-lives to determine T, the number of years for which waste deposited
during the inventory year will be releasing methane.
NYS DEC completed a revised solid waste plan,New York State Draft Solid Waste
Management Plan, which builds upon the State's 2010 Beyond Waste Plan. The plan includes
data on estimated composition of waste discarded in 2023, and is categorized by rural, suburban,
and urban settings.41 NY State-specific solid waste discard composition data was used to find
the fractions of waste types which contain anaerobically degradable carbon (ANDOC). For the
municipal solid waste (MSW) component,the inventory assumes the waste composition from
suburban settings for Dutchess, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, and Westchester Counties and from
rural settings for Sullivan and Ulster Counties. For the purposes of the solid waste analysis,NYS
DEC defines rural as communities in the state with a population density of less than 325 people
per square mile and suburban areas as communities with a population density between 325 and
4o Local Government Operations Protocol.Version 1.1.2010.
41 NYS DEC 2023.Draft Solid Waste Management Plan.Appendix H Table 2:New York State MSW Composition.
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 130
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5,000 people per square mile. The inventory assumes the waste composition for the construction
and demolition (C&D)waste emission analysis is 100% C&D.
The county and NY State-specific information was used to replace the California-specific default
data in the tool. In the"Landfill Model Inputs tab,"the state/country input was set to"US-
Other", and the k value was set to 0.057. The amount of solid waste generated in the inventory
year was entered into the tool's "Landfill Model Inputs tab" T years prior(1972)to the inventory
year. Because the tool Version 1.3 reports until 2020, the amount of solid waste generated was
inputted one year prior to T years (1971)to account for the total lifetime the waste generated in
2021 will emit. The NY State-specific waste in place fractions were entered into the"Landfill
Specific ANDOC Values"tab of the tool. The new%ANDOC value was entered into the
"Landfill Model Inputs"tab to replace the default numbers. The amount of ADC was entered
into the tool for MSW estimates and assumes the daily cover is composed of green waste and
compost. The default%ANDOC value for daily cover that was calculated by the tool was used.
The inventory assumes no ADC for C&D waste.
The sum of methane emission results over T years represents the total amount of methane
expected to be released by inventory year waste generated and deposited in a landfill without a
LFG collection system. The methane emissions for MSW waste were then adjusted for a LFG
collection system. The EPA default LFG collection efficiency of 75%was assumed because the
weighted percent of land with LFG collection per county, ranging from 97 to 100%, indicates
comprehensive LFG systems.42 The sum of methane emissions was multiplied by 100%minus
the default LFG collection efficiency to determine methane emissions from MSW generated and
deposited in a landfill without a LFG collection system. The inventory assumes no LFG
collection for C&D waste. Carbon dioxide emission outputs from the solid waste tool are
considered biogenic and are not included in the inventory emissions.
3.2 Wastewater
When organic waste material in wastewater degrades during the wastewater treatment processes,
it emits both methane and nitrous oxide. Methane is emitted during anaerobic digestion of
wastewater, and nitrous oxide is emitted when nitrogen components in wastewater degrade. The
amount of methane and nitrous oxide emitted from wastewater depends on the type of
wastewater treatment processes used, such as septic systems, centralized wastewater treatment
plants (WWTPs), and anaerobic digesters.
Data & Methods
Wastewater treatment emissions are calculated based on the population served by wastewater
treatment processes. The population served by WTTPs in the region was gathered from
individual county or municipality websites. Some municipalities track the number of connections
to the sewer system, and not the total population served. Where only the number of connections
were available, that number was multiplied by the average household size (2.8)to get total
42 EPA,2008.AP 42,Fifth Edition,Volume I,Chapter 2: Solid Waste Disposal.
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population. Where county or municipal data was not available, population totals were taken from
NYS Open Source Data: Descriptive Data of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants.43
Although the exact timeframe of this data was not available, it was used because the dataset
description is "current through the most recent survey."
In the 2010 Inventory, all communities were attributed wastewater treatment emissions, even
those that are not served by a WWTP, and no septic emissions were calculated. The 2021
Inventory Update team chose to zero the wastewater treatment emissions for communities where
the entire population is on a private septic system. If a community is interested in calculating
septic system emissions, HVRC made a wastewater emissions calculator that calculates septic
emissions and is available on its website.44 The wastewater emissions calculator uses the
following equation to calculate the emissions from all septic systems in a community.
Equation 10.2 Stationary CH4 from Incomplete Combustion of Digester Gas(default)
Annual CH4 emissions(metric tons CO2e)=
(P x Digester Gas x FcH4 x p(CH4)x(1-DE)x 0.0283 x 365.25 x 10-6)x GWP
Where:
Term Description Value
P = population served by the WWTP with anaerobic digesters user input
Digester Gas _ cubic feet of digester gas produced per person per day 1.0
[ft3lperson/day]
F cH4 = fraction of CH4 in biogas 0.65
p(CH4) = density of methane[g/m3] 662.00
DE = CH4 Destruction Efficiency .99
0.0283 = conversion from ft3 to m3[m3/ft3] 0.0283
365.25 = conversion factor[day/year] 365.25
10-6 = conversion from g to metric ton[metric ton/g] 10-6
GWP = Global Warming Potential 21
Source:EPA Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks:1990-2007,Chapter 8,8-7(2009).
There are four towns that do not have WWTPs but have a village within the town that uses a
WWTP covering the entire population of the village. The populations of these towns were
updated to only include the village population in the wastewater treatment emissions allocation.
This was done because village emissions are included in town emissions roll-ups. Therefore, the
total wastewater treatment emissions will only be that of the village, and if the town chooses to
subtract village emissions from its total, its wastewater treatment emissions will be zero. This
was done for the Towns of Hamptonburgh, Philipstown, Washington, and Wawarsing.
Wastewater treatment emissions were calculated using EPA's State Inventory Tool (SIT)
modified for use in individual counties. Methane emissions from municipal wastewater treatment
were calculated by multiplying the population served by municipal WWTPs, found either
directly from the county/municipality or taken from NYS Data,by the annual per-capita 5-day
43 NYS Office of Information Technology Services. Current Descriptive Data of Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Plants.
44 HVRC Website. Septic Emissions Calculator.
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biological oxygen demand (BOD5)rate times the emission factor of CH4 emitted per quantity of
BOD5. Default values for New York State in the SIT were used. The percentage of the
population not on septic was updated to 100%to account for the population being input into the
SIT equaling the number of people in each county served by wastewater treatment.
( J' year kg C9BOD kg x x x EF Days MT GgCH4
CH4 Emissions(MT) = Population x Per capita BOD5 da s
)
x%of WW anaerobically digested
Where:
Population = Population served by municipal WWTPs.
Per capita BOD5 = 5-day biochemical oxygen demand per capita.Default value is
0.09 kg BOD5/day.
EF = Emission factor of CH4 emitted per quantity of BOD5.Default
value is 0.6 Gg CH4/Gg BOD5.
%of WW anaerobically = Fraction of wastewater BOD5 that is anaerobically digested.
digested Default value is 16.25%.
Nitrous oxide emissions from municipal wastewater treatment were calculated by multiplying
the population served by the percent of the population using centralized wastewater treatment
(not septic systems), times the amount of direct N20 emissions from wastewater treatment per
person per year.
N20 Emissions(MT)= Population x Fraction of population not on septic
gN20
MT
x Direct N20 emissions from WWT person x—
year g
Where:
Population = Population served by municipal WWTPs.
Fraction of population not = Percent of population that is served by centralized WWTPs as
on septic opposed to septic systems.The default value for New York
State is 79%.
Direct N20 emissions from = The amount of N20 emitted from WWTPs.Default value is 4.0
WWT grams N20 per person per year.
Nitrous oxide emissions from wastewater biosolids were calculated using the following equation:
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N in Domestic Wastewater
kg
=Population x Protein arson kgN
x Frac(npr) x Fraction nonconsumption N x
MT
p
year kg protein kg
N20 Emissions(MT)
=N in Domestic WW(MT)
—Direct N Emissions from Domestic WW(MT)x(1
—%of Biosolids used as fertilizer)x EF kg N20N 1 x �N20
�
kgsewageNp,.odu.sa N2
Where:
Population = Population served by municipal WWTPs.
Protein = Available protein per person per year(kg/person/year).
Default value is 42.6 kg/person/year.34
Fraction of population not = Percent of population that is served by centralized WWTPs as
on septic opposed to septic systems.The default value for New York
State is 79%.
Direct N20 emissions from = The amount of N20 emitted from WWTPs.Default value is 4.0
WWT grams N20 per person per year. 45
B.4. Industrial Processes
Industrial process emissions are those produced as by-products of non-energy-related industrial
activities. In the Mid-Hudson Region, the primary industrial actor is Revere Smelting and
Refining Corporation, which is a lead manufacturer.
Data & Methods
Industrial process emissions for the Mid-Hudson Region were estimated for two emission
sources to cover the industrial process emissions in the Mid-Hudson Region. These sources are
CO2, CH4, and N20 from general industrial activity as reported by large facilities and
hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions from ozone depleting substances (ODS) substitutes.
Data on industrial activity from large facilities came from EPA's GHGRP data for calendar year
2021.46 This dataset includes emission information from large facilities (defined as those that
emit> 25,000 MTCO2e per year)in nine industry groups, including: power plants, landfills,
metals manufacturing, mineral production, petroleum refineries, pulp and paper manufacturing,
chemicals manufacturing, government and commercial facilities, and other industrial facilities.
These groups cover 29 source categories of emissions. This data is available through a web tool
or for download. This update used the most comprehensive dataset available, which is the full
2021 GHG Dataset.
To calculate emissions from ODS substitutes, the Mid-Hudson Region developed an implied
emission factor based on total national ODS substitute emissions and population. National ODS
45 Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, 1990-2021.
46 U.S.EPA,Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program FLIGHT Tool.
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substitute emissions came from EPA's national GHG inventory.47 Total 2020 U.S. population
was collected from the U.S. Census Bureau.48
Industrial Facility Emissions - The primary data source is EPA's GHGRP data for calendar year
2021. To identify facilities located in the Mid-Hudson Region, the full dataset of facilities was
filtered by state and county. The process also checked,using the facility city,whether any
facilities that did not have county designations were located in the Mid-Hudson Region. The
result was one facility located in the Mid-Hudson Region Revere Smelting & Refining Corp. The
inventory only includes emissions from lead production under Industrial Processes. Stationary
combustion, electricity production, and landfill emissions are included elsewhere in the
inventory.
ODS Substitute Emissions - To supplement the GHGRP data, emissions were also calculated for
ODS substitutes, a key industrial process emissions source category not covered in the EPA
dataset. The Mid-Hudson Region used an implied per capita emissions factor based on the
national greenhouse gas inventory for 2021.49 Equipment that use ODS Substitutes are widely
distributed throughout all households and businesses. Total 2020 ODS substitution emissions
(166.1 Tg CO2e)were divided by total 2020 U.S. population (331,449,281)to derive an implied
per capita emission factor. This implied emissions factor was multiplied by the population of
each of the municipalities in the Mid-Hudson Region to estimate emissions from this industrial
process source category.
B.5. Agriculture
The agriculture sector of the Mid-Hudson Regional inventory includes non-carbon dioxide
emissions from enteric fermentation in domestic livestock, livestock manure management, and
agricultural soil management(including fertilizer application). Carbon dioxide emissions are not
included as they are assumed to be biogenic and don't represent an anthropogenic emission
source.
According to the Mid-Hudson Region's Strategic Economic Development Plan, the percentage
of land that is farmed in each county is 20% in Dutchess, 16% in Orange, 4% in Putnam, 3% in
Westchester, and 11% in Ulster. The percentage of farmland in Rockland is negligible, and the
figures for Sullivan County are not available.50 These percentages were taken from the 2010
Inventory and not changed. The primary agricultural industry in the region is dairy production,
along with other livestock production. The primary crops in the region are corn (for grain and
silage), forage, oats, and soybean.
Data & Methods
There is not enough information available to update this sector. The old methane and nitrous
47 US EPA.Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021.Table 4-1.
48 US Census Bureau.2020. State and County QuickFacts.
49 US EPA.Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021.Table 4-1.
50 Mid-Hudson Regional Economic Development Council Strategic Plan.
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oxide emissions factors were used; therefore, the results remain unchanged from 2010
agriculture emissions totals. The methods used in the 2010 Inventory are as follows:
Data on 2010 livestock populations and crop productions were available for New York State on
the county-level from USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS).51 Livestock
populations for 2010 included beef cows,milk cows, and all cattle (including calves). Calf
populations were calculated by assuming that calves account for 17.4% of the total non-dairy
cattle/cow population. Data for crop production in the Mid-Hudson Region counties covered
corn for grain, hay alfalfa, other dry hay, oats, soybeans, and winter wheat.
Data from EPA's Regional GHG Inventory Guidance on livestock population percentage
breakdowns in New York State was also used to allocate dairy cattle and beef cattle populations
into sub-categories. The subcategories for dairy cattle are dairy cows and dairy replacement
heifers.52 The subcategories for beef cattle are beef cows, beef replacement heifers, heifer
stockers, steer stockers, feedlot heifers, feedlot steer, and bulls.53
Fertilizer sales data came from the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets
dataset of total fertilizer and nutrients by county for calendar year 2010. For each county, the
dataset included total fertilizer sales,broken into single, multi-nutrient, and other; Total N, P205,
and K20 in multiple-nutrient fertilizer, and total N, P205, and K20 in all fertilizer.
County-level emissions for agriculture were calculated using EPA's State Inventory Tool (SIT),
using default emission factors for New York State. To calculate emissions from enteric
fermentation and manure management, the tool requires population information for each
livestock subcategory. Total county milk cow population and beef cow population from NASS
were multiplied by the percentage breakdowns from EPA's Regional GHG Inventory Guidance
to derive subcategory populations. The tool then multiplies the number of animals by a per-head
enteric CH4 emission factor to estimate total enteric fermentation emissions for each county. The
tool multiplies the subcategory populations by New York defaults for Typical Animal Mass
(TAM), volatile solids (VS), and methane conversion factors for different manure management
systems to estimate CH4 emissions from manure management and by TAM, K-Nitrogen factors,
and nitrogen emission factors for different manure management systems to estimate N20
emissions from manure management.
To calculate emissions from management of agricultural soils, the SIT follows three steps. The
tool first calculates emissions from plant residues and allows input of crop production data for 21
crop types. Five of these crop types are grown in the Mid-Hudson Region: Alfalfa (pulled from
NASS as "Hay Alfalfa (Dry)"), corn for grain, wheat, oats, and soybeans. The tool multiplies
these production amounts by a series of factors, including residue dry matter fraction, fraction
residue applied, and nitrogen content of residue to calculate the amount of nitrogen returned to
soils and the amount of nitrogen fixed by crops.
51 USDA,2010.National Agricultural Statistics Service,Census of Agriculture,County Summary Highlights.
52 EPA Regional GHG Inventory Guidance.Table A-24.Dairy cow population percentages by state,2006.
53 EPA Regional GHG Inventory Guidance.Table A-25.Beef cow population percentages by state,2006.
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The second step of calculating emissions from agricultural soil management estimates emissions
from plant fertilizer application. The tool uses the total amounts of fertilizer nitrogen by type
(synthetic fertilizers, dried blood, compost, dried manure, activated sewage sludge, other sewage
sludge, tankage, or other organic amendments)to estimate direct and indirect N20 emissions
from fertilizer applications. For each county, the total N in all fertilizer types from the New York
State dataset was entered into the tool under"Synthetic Fertilizer"to estimate fertilizer
emissions.
Finally, the SIT calculates agricultural soil emissions from animals and runoff. This step uses the
livestock population data entered under enteric fermentation and manure management and New
York state default distributions of livestock management systems (e.g. managed systems,
pasture, and daily spread) along with built-in emission factors to estimate N20 emissions.
B.6. Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry
Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) measures changes to forest carbon stocks.
This measurement reflects the impact of changes in land use on the capacity of forests in the
Mid-Hudson Region to store (or"sequester") carbon in their trees, forest litter, and soils. Forest
carbon sequestration is the process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is taken up by trees
through photosynthesis and stored as carbon in biomass (trunks,branches, foliage, and roots) and
soils. This source is considered"optional"under the guidance of the NYGHG Working Group.
However,it is included here due to the importance of forest resources to the region.
Data & Methods
Two datasets were used to calculate net emissions from LULUCF: (1)the acres of forested land
by county in 2010 and 2020 and (2) the carbon sequestration rates for forests in the region.
In 2010 the acres of forested land were retrieved from the U.S. Forest Service's Forest Inventory
and Analysis database via the Forest Inventory Data Online (FIDO)website. The FIDO website
was not functional at the time of completing this inventory update. Therefore, data was gathered
by Dr. Charles Canham, Senior Scientist, Emeritus, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, who
used data from U.S. Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA)Program. Data were
originally pulled by county by forest-type group for 1993, 2005 and 2010. The three data
samples revealed some inconsistencies in the identification of specific forest-type groups.
However, the differences between the total forested area per county demonstrated reasonable
changes in acreage. Therefore, to minimize the influence of data sample errors, the calculations
were based on the total forested area for each county, and not forest-type groups; the same was
done for the 2021 Inventory Update. In the 2010 Inventory, 2005 and 2010 sample years were
selected, therefore the 2021 Inventory Update team chose to compare 2010 to 2020.
The second set of data, carbon sequestration rate in the Mid-Hudson region, was calculated by
Dr. Canham. Using FIA data to find average total forestland carbon stocks, a slope trend of
annual increase in metric tons of carbon/hectare was calculated. This value (0.9611)was
multiplied by the metric tons of carbon to metric tons of carbon dioxide conversion (44/12)to get
an average carbon sequestration rate of 3.52 MTCO2e.
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Calculations estimated the average annual rate of carbon sequestration in the counties. The
methodology included a four step calculation:
1. Subtracted the 2010 acres of forest per county from the 2020 acres of forest per county.
2. Divided the change by 10 (years) to get the annual rate of change in acres.
3. Converted acres of forest to hectares.
4. Multiplied the annual rate of change in hectares by the above carbon sequestration rate.
Appendix C. Municipal-Level Allocation
C.1 Introduction
In addition to the regional GHG inventory presented above, this analysis included a municipal-
level allocation of regional emissions. The 2010 Inventory team allocated the region's emissions
to individual towns, cities, and villages based on the available data; the same was done for this
update. This effort is intended to provide municipalities with baseline information about their
community-level GHG emissions. Because it was not feasible to develop ground up GHG
inventories for each of the region's 205 cities, towns, and villages, the allocation process was
driven by readily available demographic and geographic data. A detailed, ground-up inventory
would likely provide more reliable results for any one community, but these estimates serve as a
useful resource for those communities unable to complete their own GHG inventories. The
challenges and limitations of this process are described below, followed by a description of the
methods for each sector.
C.2 Challenges
Data Limitations and Unallocated Portion
It was not practical to fully allocate all emissions from each sector in the region. The GHG Working Group
determined in 2010 to allocate those sources where available local-level activity data could be
used to reasonably approximate the spatial distribution of emissions. In cases where no such data
were available, regional emissions were not allocated to the local level. Specifically, emissions
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 138
Page 40 of 102
from rail,marine, aviation, and LULUCF have not been allocated to the municipal level for this
inventory. It would be possible to allocate sources such as aviation based on a survey of
passenger air travel habits by municipality,but conducting such a survey was beyond the scope
of this analysis.
Furthermore, only a subset of industrial emissions and a subset of off-road emissions were
allocated, as discussed below. The percentage not allocated by sector is shown below in Table 3.
Residential and Commercial Stationary Energy Consumption are not 100% allocated to the
municipal level due to different emissions factors for electricity consumption in Westchester
County. Six Westchester municipalities were allocated to the NYUP emissions factor instead of
the NYCW emissions factor,but the County itself is using the NYCW emissions factor.
Additionally, Scope 1 emissions from electricity generation—which was calculated for
informational purposes but not included in the regional total—were not included in the municipal
allocation.
Table 3—Percentage of Emissions Not Allocated,by Sector
Allocated to Percentage
Category Municipalities? Not Allocated
Stationary Energy Consumption 7%
Residential Partially 3%
Commercial Partially 2%
Industrial Partially 46%
Energy Supply Partially 14%
Mobile Energy Consumption 11%
On-Road Yes N/A
Air No 100%
Marine No 10O°
a l No 100%
Off-Road Partially 19%
Waste Management N/A
Solid Waste Yes N/A
Wastewater Treatment Yes N/A
Industrial Processes Yes N/A
Agriculture Yes N/A
LULUCF No 100%
Across All Sectors 3%
Including Villages
Although village populations are also included within town population estimates, the inventory
has been allocated to the village level, where possible. Because there is overlap between towns
and villages,these allocations should not be viewed additively. For example, three villages could
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 139
Page 41 of 102
be part of one town; the emissions allocated to each village should not be viewed as mutually
exclusive from the town but are also included in the town's emissions estimates. However, there
is value in understanding emissions from each village for facilitating planning activities to target
reducing emissions from specific sectors and locales.
C.3 Methods by Sector
Stationary Energy Combustion
Electricity—Scope 1
Electricity generation emissions are not allocated to the municipal level, as they are not counted
in county emission totals.
Electricity—Scope 2
Electricity consumption emissions are calculated at the municipal level initially and then added
up to the county level. See Appendix B Section 1.2 for methodology details.
Fuels—Scope 2
Residential fuel consumption at the municipal level is calculated using the same methodology
described in Appendix B Section 1.3, based on Census data for housing units, heating fuel use,
and statewide residential fuel consumption. Utility data for each municipality, if available,
override these estimates.
Commercial fuel consumption at the municipal level is calculated using the same methodology
described in Appendix B Section 1.3, based on Census data for housing units,heating fuel use,
and statewide commercial fuel consumption. Utility data for each municipality, if available,
override these estimates.
Industrial fuel consumption at the municipal level is based on reported data from three sources:
EPA's Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP) industrial facilities, the New York State
Department of Environmental Conservation (NYS DEC) Title V facilities database, and utility
data. Industrial stationary combustion emissions from any facilities within a municipality are
assigned to that municipality. For natural gas combustion, utility data overrides GHGRP/Title V
facilities data if both are available. The estimated data used to account for consumption not
covered by these three sources was not allocated due to the lack of sufficient local level data.
Energy Supply
Electricity and natural gas transmission and distribution emissions at the municipal level are
calculated using the same methodology as at the county level. Electricity and natural gas
consumption for each municipality is multiplied by a transmission and distribution loss factor
and converted to emissions. SF6 emissions are also calculated in the same manner for
municipalities as for counties, using municipal-level electricity consumption multiplied by the
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 140
Page 42 of 102
SF6 loss rate in MTCO2e per MWh. See Appendix B Section 1.4 for details.
Transportation
For the transportation sector, on-road motor vehicle activity, as well as off-road terrestrial
vehicle activity,has been allocated to the town level. However, due to lack of data and solid
methodological options, rail, marine, and air subsectors have not been similarly allocated. See
the discussion on data limitations and unallocated portions for more information.
On-Road Transportation
On-road emissions in Mid-Hudson Region were allocated to municipalities based on the number
of occupied housing units (households) in cities, towns, and villages adjusted based on the
journey-to-work mode preference. Household data were obtained from the American
Communities Survey 5-year estimates on selected housing characteristics, as were journey-to-
work percentages. First, the weighted proportion of commuters driving alone was calculated for
each municipality and each county:
Weighted drive alone %
two —person Carpool% three —person Carpool%
= Drive alone% + +
2
+four—or—more person Carpool%
4
Next, the weighted proportion of commuters driving alone was normalized by dividing by the
county-wide average for each county to provide a"journey-to-work factor" (JTWF, in the
equation below). Municipal on-road emissions were estimated by multiplying the county-level
emission estimates by a weighting based on the number of households within each municipality
and the prevalence of vehicle use for commuting relative to the rest of the county:
(ItHouseholds x iT W F)Municipality
EiniSSiOngmr„,cipality = E77tlSSl07iSCounty x ��*+ #Househr�ld TWFs X
L( f )All Munepadeties in a County
Off-Road Transportation
The methodologies for allocating off-road emissions to the municipal level varied by equipment
type. Emissions from recreational and logging equipment were allocated based on the inverse of
population density, assuming that these types of equipment are more common in areas with more
space available per person. The population density was normalized to the county average by
dividing the inverse of the log of each municipality's population density by the inverse of the log
of the county's population density. The normalized population density was multiplied by the
municipality's 2020 population. This was divided by the sum of the products of the population
and normalized density of towns and cities to find the proportion of population density with
respect to the county. The proportion was multiplied with the county's emissions from
recreational and logging equipment. The net result of this weighting is that usage was weighted
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 141
Page 43 of 102
by population but given a higher weighting in places with low population density, and a lower
weighting in places with high population density.
Emissions from construction and mining equipment were allocated based on population. The
municipalities' population proportions within their respective county were multiplied by the
county's emissions from construction and mining equipment.
Residential and commercial lawn and garden equipment considered the number of single family
housing units. The number of total single family detached and attached housing units within the
municipality was divided by the total within their respective county. The housing unit proportion
was multiplied with the county's emission from residential and commercial lawn and garden
equipment. This calculation was based on the activity factors used in the EPA model used to
generate these estimates.
Emissions from commercial equipment were allocated based on allocations from the commercial
fuel source. The commercial fuel emission from each municipality was divided by the total
emissions from their respective county. The commercial fuel proportion was multiplied with the
county's emission from commercial equipment.
Emissions from industrial, airport, agricultural, and railroad equipment, which represent 19% of
off-road emissions in the region, were not allocated at the municipal level due to lack of
available data or methodology.
Waste Management
Solid Waste
Scope 1 solid waste emissions were allocated to municipalities based on location of the landfill
facilities. Scope 1 emissions are not included in the allocation totals for waste, however, to avoid
double-counting. Scope 3 emissions were allocated to municipalities based on Census-derived
populations. The towns, cities, and villages' population proportions within each of their
respective counties were multiplied by the county's overall Scope 3 per-capita emissions.
Wastewater
Wastewater emissions were calculated using EPA's State Inventory Tool. Methane emissions
from municipal wastewater treatment were calculated by multiplying the population served by
municipal WWTPs, from the Census 2020 population data for each municipality, by the annual
per-capita 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5)rate times the emission factor of CH4
emitted per quantity of BOD5. Default values for New York State in the SIT were used. See
Appendix B Section 3.2 for more information.
Industrial Processes
Industrial process emissions at the municipal level are calculated using the same methodology as
calculating emissions at the county level (see Section 4). Industrial process emissions from a
single facility in the region, the Revere Smelting and Refining Corp. facility located in
Middletown,New York, are assigned to that city. Emissions from ODS substitution are assigned
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 142
Page 44 of 102
to municipalities based on population and the implied per capita ODS emission factor.
Agriculture
Emissions from the agricultural sector are apportioned to the municipal level using GIS-based
land use data from the USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service.54 The dataset provides
land area by crop type throughout the United States. Using this dataset, the area of each land use
type within the Mid-Hudson Region municipalities was determined.
To apportion emissions, first,the relevant land use types were determined. For Ag Soils,the land
uses for the crop types grown in the Mid-Hudson Region and calculated in the State Inventory
Tool were used. These crop types are Alfalfa, Corn, Winter Wheat, Oats, Soybeans, and Dry
Beans. The sum of the land area for each of these crops for each municipality was considered its
"Ag Soils Land Area."
For livestock emissions (Manure Management and Enteric Fermentation in the SIT),land area
categorized as "Pasture/Grass"was used to determine the "Livestock Land Area."
Finally, total agricultural emissions (Ag Soils Emissions plus Livestock emissions) for each
municipality were determined using the equations below:
Ag Soils Land Aream„,,icipai.
Ag Soils Emissionsmunicipad = Enusstonsco„nty X
Ag Soils Land Areaco„,,ty
Livestock Land Are tnicipa2
Livestock Emissions
—municipal = EnlissiOnScounty X •
Livestock Land Areacounty
54 USDA,2017.National Agricultural Statistics Service,Census of Agriculture,County Summary Highlights.
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 143
Page 45 of 102
0
ul 1 rrl Town of Mamaroneck
in
# x Town Center
FOUNDED 1661 i 740 West Boston Post Road, Mamaroneck, NY 10543-3353
OFFICE OF THE TOWN ADMINISTRATOR TEL: (914) 381-7810
FAX: (914) 381-7809
mrobson@townofmamaroneckNY.org
To: Supervisor and Town Board
From: Meredith S. Robson, Town Administrator
CC: Tracy Yogman, Town Comptroller
Re: Public Hearing - Garbage District#1 Incinerator Demolition (H8610)
Date: May 20, 2026
Please see the attached memo from Town Comptroller, Tracy Yogman, for an overview of the
proposed Garbage District Incinerator Demolition project.
Action Requested:
Be it Resolved that the Public Interest Order regarding Garbage District No. 1 in which it
is found and determined that it is in the public interest to increase and improve the
facilities of Garbage District No. 1 in the Town of Mamaroneck, Westchester New York,
being the demolition of a municipally owned garbage incinerator at the Sanitation
Building, including incidental expenses in connection therewith, at a maximum estimated
cost of$839,000 hereby is adopted and shall take effect immediately.
Be it Further Resolved that the Town Board authorizes the issuance of$839,000 bonds of
the Town of Mamaroneck, Westchester County, New York, to pay the cost of the increase
and improvement of the facilities of Garbage District No. 1 in the Town of Mamaroneck.
Page 46 of 102
73
u_r "v t; rn Town of Mamaroneck
Town Center
oINDED 1661 740 West Boston Post Road,Mamaroneck,NY 10543-3353
INTERDEPARTMENT MEMORANDUM TEL: (914) 381-7810
FAX: (914) 381-7809
@townofmamaroneckNY.org
Date: May 20, 2026
To: Meredith Robson, Town Administrator
From: Tracy Yogman, Town Comptroller
Subject: Public Hearing - Garbage District#1 Incinerator Demolition (H8610)
General:
There is an old incinerator building that served both the Village of Larchmont and the Town for
garbage incineration at the Sanitation Building. It has not been used since 1973 and both
municipalities originally shared the construction cost equally. The building is dilapidated and unsafe
and, in accordance with the structural engineers, must be demolished. As the Garbage District is a
Special District, a public hearing is required as the first step in adopting a bond resolution.
A Public Interest Order is attached.
Attachment/s:
Garbage Incinerator PIO
F - REVISED -NOPH - GD 1 -Incinerator(Town Share).doc
Page 47 of 102
43235-2-746
At a regular meeting of the Town Board of
the Town of Mamaroneck, Westchester
County, New York, held at the Town
Center, in Mamaroneck, New York in said
Town, on May 20, 2026, at 8:00 o'clock
P.M., Prevailing Time.
PRESENT:
Supervisor
Councilman
Councilman
Councilman
Councilman
In the Matter
of
The Increase and Improvement of the
Facilities of Garbage District No. 1, in the PUBLIC INTEREST ORDER
Town of Mamaroneck, Westchester
County,New York
WHEREAS, the Town Board of the Town of Mamaroneck, Westchester County,
New York, has duly caused to be prepared a map, plan and report including an estimate of cost,
pursuant to Section 202-b of the Town Law, relating to the proposed increase and improvement
of the facilities of Garbage District No. 1, in the Town of Mamaroneck, Westchester County,
New York, being the Town's share of improvements to a garbage incinerator, including
4145-6769-0087
Page 48 of 102
incidental equipment and expenses in connection therewith, at a maximum estimated cost of
$839,000 and
WHEREAS, at a meeting of said Town Board duly called and held on May 4, 2026, an
Order was duly adopted by it and entered in the minutes specifying the said Town Board would
meet to consider the increase and improvement of facilities of the Garbage District in said Town
at a maximum estimated cost of $839,000, and to hear all persons interested in the subject
thereof concerning the same at the Town Center, in Mamaroneck, New York, in said Town, on
May 20, 2026, at 8:00 o'clock P.M., Prevailing Time; and
WHEREAS, said Order duly certified by the Town Clerk was duly published and posted
as required by law; and
WHEREAS, a public hearing was duly held at the time and place set forth in said notice,
at which all persons desiring to be heard were duly heard; NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT
ORDERED, by the Town Board of the Town of Mamaroneck, Westchester County,
New York, as follows:
Section 1. Upon the evidence given at the aforesaid public hearing, it is hereby found
and determined that it is in the public interest to make the increase and improvement of the
facilities of Garbage District No. 1, in the Town of Mamaroneck, Westchester County,
New York, consisting of the Town's share of improvements to a garbage incinerator, including
incidental equipment and expenses in connection therewith, at a maximum estimated cost of
$839,000.
Section 2. This Order shall take effect immediately.
-2-
4145-6769-0087
Page 49 of 102
The question of the adoption of the foregoing order was duly put to a vote on roll, which
resulted as follows:
VOTING
VOTING
VOTING
VOTING
VOTING
The Order was thereupon declared duly adopted.
* * * * *
-3-
4145-6769-0087
Page 50 of 102
BOND RESOLUTION DATED MAY 20, 2026.
A RESOLUTION AUTHORIZING THE ISSUANCE OF $839,000 BONDS OF
THE TOWN OF MAMARONECK, WESTCHESTER COUNTY, NEW YORK,
TO PAY PART OF THE COST OF THE INCREASE AND IMPROVEMENT
OF THE FACILITIES OF GARBAGE DISTRICT NO. 1, IN THE TOWN OF
MAMARONECK, WESTCHESTER COUNTY,NEW YORK.
WHEREAS, pursuant to the provisions heretofore duly had and taken in accordance with
the provisions of Section 202-b of the Town Law, and more particularly an Order dated the date
hereof, said Town Board has determined it to be in the public interest to improve the facilities of
Garbage District No. 1, in the Town of Mamaroneck, Westchester County, New York, at a
maximum estimated cost of$839,000; and
WHEREAS, the capital project hereinafter described, as proposed, has been determined
to be an Unlisted Action pursuant to the regulations of the New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation promulgated pursuant to the State Environmental Quality Review
Act, which will not have any significant adverse effect on the environment NOW,
THEREFORE, BE IT
RESOLVED, by the Town Board of the Town of Mamaroneck, Westchester County,
New York, as follows:
Section 1. For the specific object or purpose of paying the cost of the increase and
improvement of Garbage District No. 1, in the Town of Mamaroneck, Westchester County,
New York, consisting of the Town's share of improvements to a garbage incinerator, including
incidental equipment and expenses in connection therewith, there are hereby authorized to be
issued $839,000 bonds of said Town pursuant to the provisions of the Local Finance Law.
Section 2. It is hereby determined that the maximum estimated cost of the aforesaid
specific object or purpose is $839,000, which specific object or purpose is hereby authorized at
said maximum estimated cost, and that the plan for the financing thereof is by the issuance of the
$839,000 bonds of said Town authorized to be issued pursuant to this bond resolution.
Page 51 of 102
4145-6769-0087.1
Section 3. It is hereby determined that the period of probable usefulness of the
aforesaid specific object or purpose is 10 years pursuant to subdivision 12-a of paragraph a of
Section 11.00 of the Local Finance Law. It is hereby further determined that the maximum
maturity of the serial bonds herein authorized will exceed five years.
Section 4. The faith and credit of said Town of Mamaroneck, Westchester County,
New York, are hereby irrevocably pledged for the payment of the principal of and interest on
such bonds as the same respectively become due and payable. An annual appropriation shall be
made in each year sufficient to pay the principal of and interest on such bonds becoming due and
payable in such year. To the extent not paid from monies raised from said Garbage District as
applicable in the manner provided by law, there shall annually be levied on all the taxable real
property of said Town, a tax sufficient to pay the principal of and interest on such bonds as the
same become due and payable.
Section 5. Subject to the provisions of the Local Finance Law, the power to authorize
the issuance of and to sell bond anticipation notes in anticipation of the issuance and sale of the
serial bonds herein authorized, including renewals of such notes, is hereby delegated to the
Supervisor, the chief fiscal officer. Such notes shall be of such terms, form and contents, and
shall be sold in such manner, as may be prescribed by said Supervisor, consistent with the
provisions of the Local Finance Law.
Section 6. The powers and duties of advertising such bonds for sale, conducting the
sale and awarding the bonds, are hereby delegated to the Supervisor, who shall advertise such
bonds for sale, conduct the sale, and award the bonds in such manner as she shall deem best for
the interests of said Town, provided, however, that in the exercise of these delegated powers, the
Supervisor shall comply fully with the provisions of the Local Finance Law and any order or rule
of the State Comptroller applicable to the sale of municipal bonds. The receipt of the Supervisor
-2- Page 52 of 102
4145-6769-0087.1
shall be a full acquittance to the purchaser of such bonds, who shall not be obliged to see to the
application of the purchase money.
Section 7. All other matters except as provided herein relating to the serial bonds
herein authorized including the date, denominations, maturities and interest payment dates,
within the limitations prescribed herein and the manner of execution of the same, including the
consolidation with other issues, and also the ability to issue serial bonds with substantially level
or declining annual debt service, shall be determined by the Supervisor, the chief fiscal officer of
such Town. Such bonds shall contain substantially the recital of validity clause provided for in
Section 52.00 of the Local Finance Law, and shall otherwise be in such form and contain such
recitals, in addition to those required by Section 51.00 of the Local Finance Law, as the
Supervisor shall determine consistent with the provisions of the Local Finance Law.
Section 8. The validity of such bonds and bond anticipation notes may be contested
only if:
1) Such obligations are authorized for an object or purpose for which said Town is
not authorized to expend money, or
2) The provisions of law which should be complied with at the date of publication of
this resolution are not substantially complied with,
and an action, suit or proceeding contesting such validity is commenced within twenty days after
the date of such publication, or
3) Such obligations are authorized in violation of the provisions of the Constitution.
Section 9. This resolution shall constitute a statement of official intent for purposes
of Treasury Regulations Section 1.150-2. Other than as specified in this resolution, no monies
are, or are reasonably expected to be, reserved, allocated on a long-term basis, or otherwise set
aside with respect to the permanent funding of the object or purpose described herein.
_3_ Page 53 of 102
4145-6769-0087.1
Section 10. This resolution, which takes effect immediately, shall be published in
summary form in the official newspaper, together with a notice of the Town Clerk in
substantially the form provided in Section 81.00 of the Local Finance Law.
_4_ Page 54 of 102
4145-6769-0087.1
The question of the adoption of the foregoing resolution was duly put to a vote on roll
call,which resulted as follows:
VOTING
VOTING
VOTING
VOTING
VOTING
The resolution was thereupon declared duly adopted.
* * * * * *
_5_ Page 55 of 102
4145-6769-0087.1
NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that the Town Board of the Town of Mamaroneck,
Westchester County, New York, will meet in the Town Center, in Mamaroneck, New York, in
said Town, on May 20, 2026, at 8 o'clock P.M., Prevailing Time, for the purpose of conducting a
public hearing upon a certain estimate of cost, in relation to the proposed increase and
improvement of the facilities of Garbage District No. 1, in said Town, being the Town's share of
improvements to a garbage incinerator,including incidental equipment and expenses in connection
therewith, at a maximum estimated cost of$839,000. It has been determined that said project is
an Unlisted Action under the regulations promulgated under the State Environmental Quality
Review Act.
At said public hearing said Town Board will hear all persons interested in the subject matter
thereof.
Dated: Mamaroneck,New York
May 4, 2026.
BY ORDER OF THE TOWN BOARD OF THE TOWN OF
MAMARONECK, WESTCHESTER COUNTY,NEW YORK
/s/Allison May
Mamaroneck Town Clerk
Page 56 of 102
o
u `" m Town of Mamaroneck
if X Town Center
FOUNDED 1661 740 West Boston Post Road, Mamaroneck, NY 10543-3353
OFFICE OF THE TOWN ADMINISTRATOR TEL: (914) 381-7810
FAX: (914) 381-7809
mrobson@townofmamaroneckNY.org
To: Supervisor and Town Board
From: Meredith S. Robson, Town Administrator
CC: Tracy Yogman, Town Comptroller
Re: Fire Claims
Date: May 20, 2026
Action Requested:
Resolved that the Board of Fire Commissioners hereby approves the attached list of fire
claims.
Page 57 of 102
u_rt1;' 'rn Town of Mamaroneck
Comptroller, Town Center
oINDED 1661 740 West Boston Post Road,Mamaroneck,NY 10543-3353
INTERDEPARTMENT MEMORANDUM TEL: (914) 381-7810
FAX: (914) 381-7809
tyogman@townofmamaroneckNY.org
Date: May 20, 2026
To: Meredith Robson, Town Administrator
From: Tracy Yogman, Town Comptroller
Subject: Fire Claims
General:
Attached is the list of fire claims for approval.
Attachment/s:
FIRE CLAIMS 5-20-26
Page 58 of 102
TOWN OF MAMARONECK
FROM: TRACY YOGMAN-TOWN COMPTROLLER
RE: Fire Claims
Date May 20,2026
The following Town of Mamaroneck Fire Department claims have been certified by Chief Alex Rapp and submitted to the Comptroller's Office for payment:
VENDOR DESCRIPTION AMOUNT
Amazon Batteries&Trash Bags S 27.53
AAA Emergency Supply Co.Inc. Air Pak Repair,Uniforms(Helmet,Gloves,Cairns)for 2 new employees in training $ 2,483.36
Champion Elevator Elevator Repair/Maintenance-fmal;payment S 2,817.50
Con Edison Fire HQ Gas SVC 3/31-4/29/26 S 769.48
Galls Uniforms(Shirts,Shorts,&Embroidery) S 137.77
Sound Shore Pest Control Exterminating SVC 3/23/26&4/28/26 S 154.00
TOM Fire Department Food from Larchmont Tavern for Scott Pak Presentation and Officers Meeting S 237.00
TOM Professional Firefighters Firefighter Life Insurance-Jan-April 2026 S 754.56
WJWW Fire Line Water 4/24/26&205 Weaver St.Water Charges 3/25-4/23/26 S 278.98
Total S 7,660.18
Page 59 of 102
c
m Town of Mamaroneck
Town Center
FOUNDED 1661 740 West Boston Post Road, Mamaroneck,NY 10543-3353
OFFICE OF THE TOWN ADMINISTRATOR TEL: (914) 381-7810
FAX: (914) 381-7809
mrobson@townofmamaroneckNY.org
To: Supervisor and Town Board
From: Meredith S. Robson, Town Administrator
CC: Sue Odierna, Secretary to Town Supervisor
Re: Community Green House Gas Inventory
Date: May 20, 2026
Attached is the Town's Community Green House Gas (GHG) Inventory report, which provides a
detailed picture of where green house gas emissions in the Town are coming from and how much
each source contributes overall. It provides a clear picture of the Town's biggest emission drivers, and
helps identify where efforts to reduce emissions will have the most impact.
This information supports the development of the Town's climate goals and planning efforts. Because
it is a living document that can be updated over time, I would suggest that the Town Board adopt the
2026 Community GHG Inventory report as presented, and use it as a critical tool and basis for future
climate work.
Action Requested:
Resolved that the Town Board hereby adopts the 2026 Town of Mamaroneck Community
Green House Gas Inventory report, as presented.
Attachment/s:
ToM GHG Inventory Community Report 2026 Final
Page 60 of 102
Town of Mamaroneck
Z
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Page 61 of 102
In 2023, with support from the NY Depailinent of Environmental Conservation Climate Smart
Communities Coordinator Funding, the inventory was updated by Hudson Valley Regional
Council (HVRC) using 2020, 2021, and 2022 data with support from Climate Action Associates.
We have described the reason why a specific year was chosen in the methods of each sector.
This data update followed the established methodology from the 2010 Mid-Hudson Regional
Inventory and the 2015 New York Community and Regional GHG Inventory Guidance.' The
GHG emissions for all communitywide activities are measured in metric tons of carbon dioxide
equivalents (MTCO2e) and were calculated using emissions factors by the US Energy
Information Administration (EIA), US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and ICF
International/NYSERDA GHG Inventory Tool.
This report is an update of an inventory published in December 13, 2012. In 2012,New York
State conducted regional GHG emissions inventories for the baseline year 2010, which included
emissions for each community in the Mid-Hudson Region. The report was prepared by: ICF
International, Sub-consultant to VHB, Inc.2
•
Prepared
h by •• CLIMATE ACTION
Melanie Patapis ■■■ ASSOCIATES LLC
Climate Smart Coordinator
i Hudson Valley NEW Climate Smart Regional
YORK
4 Council STATE Communities
105 Ann Street, Stet it
°a-11 ' Newburgh,NY 12550 NEW
PORK Department of
''' 1-r Phone: 845-564-4075 STATE Environmental
`', S N Conservation
Email:
<\.:,,,1 c:(.
mpatapis@a,hudsonvalleyrc.org
'https://climatesmart.ny.gov/fileadmin/csc/documents/GHG Inventories/ghgguide.pdf
2 The original report can be found at:https://climatesmart.ny.gov/support/regional-greenhouse-gas-inventories-in-
n,,.
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 13
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
ACS American Community Survey
ANDOC Anaerobically degradable carbon
BOD5 5-day biological oxygen demand
BTU British thermal units
eGRID Emissions& Generation Resource Integrated Database
EIA Energy Information Administration
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
FOD First-order decay
GHG Greenhouse gas
GHGRP Greenhouse gas Reporting Program
C&D Construction and demolition
CH4 Methane
CO Carbon Monoxide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
HDD Heating degree days
HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons
HU Housing units
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
LFG Landfill gas
LFGTE Landfill gas to energy
LUAF Lost and accounted for
LULUCF Land use,land use change, and forestry
Mcf Thousand cubic feet
MF Multi-family
MMBTU Million British thermal units
MSW Municipal solid waste
MTCO2e metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent
MWh Megawatt-hour
N20 Nitrous oxide
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 14
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NAICS North American Industry Classification System
NASS National Agricultural Statistics Service
NYCW NPCC New York City/Westchester(eGRID subregion)
NYSDEC New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
NYSDOT New York State Department of Transportation
NYSERDA New York State Energy Research and Development Authority
NYUP NPCC Upstate New York(eGRID subregion)
ODS Ozone-depleting substances
PFCs Perfluorocarbons
SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride
SFA Single-family attached
SFD Single-family detached
SIC Standard Industrial Classification
SIT State Inventory Tool
T&D Transmission and distribution
TAM Typical animal mass
Tg Teragrams
USDA United States Depaitnient of Agriculture
VMT Vehicle miles traveled
VS Volatile solids
WWTPs Wastewater treatment plants
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 15
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Table of Contents
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 4
Acknowledgements 7
Background 7
Community Profile 7
Key Findings 8
Community GHG Methods Summary 9
Appendix A.GHG Protocol 12
Appendix B.Data&Methods 15
B.1.Stationary Energy Consumption 15
1.1 Electricity—Scope 1 15
1.2 Electricity—Scope 2 15
1.3 Fuels—Scope 1 17
1.4 Energy Supply 21
B.2.Mobile Energy Consumption 22
2.1 On-Road 22
2.2 Air 24
2.3 Marine 25
2.4 Rail 26
2.5 Off-Road 27
B.3.Waste Management 27
3.1 Solid Waste 27
3.2 Wastewater 31
B.4.Industrial Processes 34
B.5.Agriculture 35
B.6.Land Use,Land-Use Change and Forestry 37
Appendix C.Municipal-Level Allocation 38
C.1 Introduction 38
C.2 Challenges 38
C.3 Methods by Sector Stationary Energy Combustion 40
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Acknowledgements
This report was prepared by Sue Odierna, Climate Task Force Coordinator for the Town of
Mamaroneck using a template provided by Hudson Valley Regional Council.
Background
The Town of Mamaroneck recognizes that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human
activity are causing climate change, the consequences of which pose substantial risks to the
future health and well-being of our community. To demonstrate its commitment to addressing
the growing threat of climate change, in 2009, the Town of Mamaroneck became a registered
Climate Smart Community after adopting the New York State Climate Smart Communities
(CSC)pledge. The Town secured Bronze CSC certification in September 2016, and was
recertified Bronze in April 2024. The Town of Mamaroneck became certified as a Silver-level
Climate Smart Community in September 2025.
The CSC program, administered by the New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation (NYSDEC), is a certification program that provides a robust framework to guide
the actions local governments can take to reduce GHG emissions and adapt to the effects of
climate change. As part of this program, the Town of Mamaroneck created a Community GHG
Inventory, which identifies and quantifies the sources of GHG emissions from community
activities and establishes a baseline from which future emissions reductions and progress can be
measured.
In 2022 and 2023, HVRC, through the NYS DEC CSC Coordinator Program, hosted a series of
cohorts to provide technical assistance to municipalities in the Mid-Hudson Region in
developing greenhouse gas emissions inventories and climate action plans. Municipalities
participating in the HVRC Community GHG Cohorts,received a range of support including data
checks and community feedback.
Community Profile
The unincorporated section of the Town of Mamaroneck comprises 5.17 square miles. Over the
past ten years, the population of this area has remained unchanged at just under 12,000 people.
The Town is primarily suburban, with two small business areas, one located on Boston Post
Road and the other on Myrtle/Madison Avenues. Most of the business community is located in
the incorporated Villages of Mamaroneck and Larchmont, which are not covered by this GHG
Inventory.
Climate change is already affecting the Town of Mamaroneck through increasingly frequent
"100-year" storms, worsening flooding, and extreme heat, all of which strain natural resources
and heighten economic and public health risks. The Larchmont/Mamaroneck community has
long been vulnerable to flooding, but in recent years, severe storms and hurricanes have caused
unprecedented damage to infrastructure,homes, and local businesses, with significant economic
consequences. In 2021, Hurricane Ida devastated parts of the Town of Mamaroneck, flooding
homes and businesses with several feet of water. These impacts underscore the urgent need to
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 17
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reduce greenhouse gas emissions and strengthen the community's resilience as we plan for the
future.
Below is a sampling of the many programs the Town of Mamaroneck has participated in to help
decrease our GHG emissions: installing EV charging stations throughout the Town for public
and municipal usage, retrofitting Town buildings to reduce energy usage, modifying all
streetlights with LED bulbs,purchasing electric vehicles for municipal use,initiating a food
scrap recycling program, and participating in Sustainable Westchester's "Westchester Power"
program to deliver clean, predictably-priced energy to residents and businesses. Through our
website, social media, monthly e-newsletters, and community events, we encourage residents to
participate in programs such as Solarize, Community Solar and GridRewards. We also promote
County and NYS programs that help residents to purchase EVs through rebates and other
incentives. The Town was the second municipality in Westchester County to initiate a food
scrap recycling program, which has grown each year with residents dropping off their food
scraps at our sanitation facility. Our residents also participated in an "opt-out"program
(Westchester Power)which offered clean, predictably-priced renewable energy to thousands.
The Town of Mamaroneck recognizes the ecological, environmental, and quality-of-life benefits
provided by its tree canopy. In recognition of its sustained commitment to urban forestry, the
Town has been designated a Tree City for 34 years. The Town has also implemented a
comprehensive Tree Care Ordinance, established a dedicated tree planting program and budget,
and developed tree care guidance for residents.
The Town is proud to steward several conservation areas, including the Hommocks Conservation
Area, the Leatherstocking Trail, and the Sheldrake River Trails. Biannual cleanup initiatives are
conducted within these areas, and the Town's Conservation Department hires student
conservation crews each summer to perform trail maintenance, manage vegetation, construct
boardwalks, and support additional conservation efforts. The Town also collaborates with our
volunteer Sustainability Collaborative and student volunteers to remove invasive species and
restore native plantings. The Town of Mamaroneck remains committed to preserving and
expanding its tree canopy wherever feasible, recognizing trees as vital tools for carbon
sequestration, environmental resilience, and the enhancement of public green space for residents.
In conclusion, through its many environmental programs within the municipality and throughout
the community, the Town has shown that reducing greenhouse gas emissions is a priority.
Key Findings
The Town of Mamaroneck's communitywide emissions totaled 168,298 MTCO2e. The
breakdown of this number is provided in Table 1 and Figure 1 below. The largest emitting sector
is Residential, which accounts for 57,878 MTCO2e, or 34% of the total community emissions.
The second largest contributor to the Town of Mamaroneck's communitywide emissions is
Transportation, which accounts for 55,417 MTCO2e, or 33% of the overall emissions in 2021.
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The third largest contributor to the Town of Mamaroneck's communitywide emissions is
Commercial, which accounts for 28,965 MTCO2e, or 17% of the overall emissions in 2021.
When combined, residential and transportation emissions are over 67% of the Town of
Mamaroneck's community-wide emissions; when commercial emissions are included, the total is
84%.
Agriculture, Wastewater and Industrial emissions represent a relatively low number because
these sectors make up a small proportion of emissions activity. Regarding Wastewater,the vast
majority of Town households are served by the wastewater treatment plant,with less than 2%
using private septic systems.
GHG Emissions Sectors
GHG EMISSION SECTORS MTCO2e*
Residential 57,878
6%
Commercial 28,965 1i
•Residential
Industrial 290 0% ■commercial
Transportation 55,417 6 % ■industrial
Solid Waste 4,574 ■Transpurtatiun
Wastewater 1,688 ■Solid Waste
Industrial Processes 9,755 Ilk 33% wastewater
■Industrial Processes
Agriculture 11
17% ■Agriculture
EnergySupply9,329 °%
■Energy Supply
Total Emissions 168,298
Population 19,466
Per Capita Emissions 9
'Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
Going forward, the Town of Mamaroneck will review emission reduction efforts on sectors with
the highest emissions, namely the Residential and Transportation sectors. The next steps are to
consider the emissions reduction target and to develop a Community Climate Action Plan that
identifies specific quantified strategies that can cumulatively meet that target.
Please refer to the community profile on page seven for a detailed list of the many initiatives the
Town has undertaken to promote the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to date.
Community GHG Methods Summary
In 2023, Hudson Valley Regional Council (HVRC) updated the 2010 Mid-Hudson Regional
Inventory. This inventory is based on the methods in the 2015 Regional and Community
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventory Guidance as required by the Climate Smart Communities
(CSC) Program (See Appendix B for complete methodology). HVRC updated data and methods
used in the 2010 Mid-Hudson Regional GHG Inventory developed by ICF for NYSERDA that
includes the Town of Mamaroneck.
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Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic and data availability, multiple years of data were used and
therefore we are referring to this as a 2021 Inventory Update. We have described the reason
why a specific year was chosen in the methods of each sector. In general, direct data sources
were updated using new sets available, such as from the 2020 Census, Utility Energy Registry
(UER), or the US Energy Information Administration (EIA). All data was updated with 2021
information where available and Census data was updated with 2020 data. UER data was
updated with 2022 information because it was the most accurate full year of data. Where direct
data was not available, the 2010 emissions totals for the region were extrapolated based on
external drivers such as population, emissions factors, and fleet fuel economy trends. Some
sources were kept the same where there was reasonable justification to do so.
A summary of all the methods is listed below:
Built Environment 2010 Method Summary 2021 Update Method
Update population with 2020
Population 2010 Census Data Census Data
Tank Fuels(fuel oil,propane,kerosene,residual fuel oil)
EIA SEDS data apportioned by home heating SEDs trend apportioned by home
Residential fuel choice 2010 Census heating fuel choice 2020 Census
Scale 2010 emissions by
population change,and by SEDs
Commercial EIA SEDS data apportioned by Employment trend
Pie Slice Method. Point Source EPA/GHG
MMR Data, NYSDEC DAQ, EPA Title 5 Data
assigned as point sources.Take SEDS
industrial sector for NY, remove point
sources,and apportion remaining to
municipalities by industrial electricity use as Update point source data-keep
Industrial a proxy for small industry location. piece slice data the same
EIA-932,assign as point sources to Update with 2022(most recent)
_Energy Generation _municipalities _EIA-923 data and EIA GIS Map
Utility Energy Reported by Utilities- Residential, Use UER data for 2022,update
(electricity,natural gas) Commercial,and Industrial sectors. emission factor to EGRID 2021
Estimated as 2%LUFG for natural gas,and Use same method with new
T/D Losses 2%T/D losses for electricity consumption updated data
Ozone Depleting 2010 US GHG Inventory sector total Scale emissions by population
Substances(ODS) apportioned by population change
EPA/GHG MRR data assigned as point Industrial Process emissions from
Industrial Process sources 2021 EPA GHG reporting tool
Transportation
VMT developed by CDTC for municipalities in
four counties,and in the others VMT
downscaled to municipalities from DOT-
supplied county level data. VMT converted
to fuel consumption using fleet-average fuel Scale 2010 emissions by
economy by vehicle type. Assumed 10%of population change,and by fleet
On-Road(gasoline,diesel) gasoline is ethanol. average fuel economy
Off-Road NYS DEC-supplied county data apportioned Scale 2010 emissions by
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to municipalities by population and other population change
factors. NYS DEC DAQ data developed to
support air quality compliance rules pursuant
to EPA Title 5
Apportioned total US aircraft GHG footprint
by total arrival and departure miles in the 8-
county REDC compared to US flight miles.
These apported that to municipalities by Keep the same- Not enough new
Air(Scope 3) population. data available
Based on a NYSERDA study on rail-sector fuel Keep the same- Not enough new
Rail consumption data available
Based on the US National Emissions Keep the same-Not enough new
Marine Inventory at a county level data available
Waste Management
Reported to NYS DEC,Section 10 of landfill Update point source data from
Landfills-Direct reports. 2021 landfill reports
Total waste generated by
Total waste generated by counties from counties from landfill reports is
landfill reports is converted to GHG converted to GHG emissions,and
emissions,and then apportioned to then apportioned to
Landfills-Indirect municipalities by population. municipalities by population.
Update SIT with population
served by WWTPs, apportioned
Emissions from all WWTPs estimated using to municipalities. Septic emissions
LGOP methods,and then apportioned to not included here but in separate
Sewage-Indirect municipalities by population. calculator.
Agriculture
County-level emissions calculated using EPA
State Inventory Tool,using default emission
factors for NYS.,then allocated to Not enough information to
Livestock/Fertilizer municipalities by population. update in this scope.
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Appendix A. GHG Protocol
The process of designing an inventory entails several decisions and procedural steps:
• Inventory geography and boundaries: This inventory estimates GHG emissions for the
Mid-Hudson Region's seven counties: Dutchess, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, Sullivan,
Ulster, and Westchester. It includes emissions from electricity imported into the region as
well as emissions from waste exported from the region. Product life-cycle emissions
(e.g., emissions associated with the production and distribution from imported goods and
services) are not included.
• Municipal boundaries: The Mid-Hudson Region is comprised of 12 cities and 106
towns, in addition to 80 villages that lie within them. This municipal allocation reports
total estimates for each city and town, including activity in the underlying villages.
Activity and emissions for each village are also tracked and reported separately,but not
counted in the totals. Below are factors that were taken into consideration in compiling
the data:
o The Town of Palm Tree was established on January 1, 2019, and is coterminous
with the Village of Kiryas Joel and was added to the regional inventory.
o The Village of South Nyack was dissolved into the Town of Orangetown,
officially as of April 1, 2022. It was decided by the 2021 Inventory team to
remove the Village from the inventory. For the months the Village was a separate
entity,its emissions will be accounted for in Orangetown's emissions totals.
o Some sectors,however, report activity data for towns excluding village activities.
In these cases, the following method is applied:
• Village assignments—The 2010 Inventory team produced village
assignments from The New York State Data Center.3 These assignments
have not changed and were used in the update. When activity data are
reported for towns (excluding villages) and villages, the town activity data
are added with those of the village(s)within it.
• Split villages—Ten villages in the Mid-Hudson Region are split between
towns. To assign reported village activity data to the correct towns, the
percentage of the village's population in each town is used. This
population breakdown was found in 2010 from the New York State Data
Center and kept the same.4 The split activity data are then included in the
totals for each town as appropriate.
• Sources: The activities selected for the regional inventory are based on those included in
the NYGHG Protocol and defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency's US
Inventory of Greenhouse Gases' and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.6
These categories are:
o Stationary Energy Consumption—use of energy in homes, businesses, and
other non-mobile uses. In compliance with the NYGHG Protocol,these are
3 New York State Data Center,Estimates of the Resident Population:New York State Governmental Units,2000 to
2009—Revised September 2010.
4 Ibid.
5 U.S.EPA,Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021,April 2023.
6 IPCC,2006 IPPC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 112
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reported separately for the Residential, Commercial, and Industrial sectors.
Emissions are also calculated for Electricity Generation, but these are not
included in the regional total to avoid double-counting with indirect emissions
from electricity consumption.
o Transportation Energy Consumption—use of energy in transportation,
including on-road transportation, passenger and freight rail, aviation, marine
transportation, and off-road vehicles. Aviation emissions are estimated but not
included in the regional total because they are considered an optional source
under the NYGHG Protocol.
o Energy Generation and Supply—fugitive emissions and energy losses due to
the transmission and distribution of electricity and natural gas.
o Agriculture—non-energy emissions from agriculture, including both crops and
livestock(e.g., methane emissions associated with livestock and nitrous oxide
emissions associated with fertilizer application).
o Waste Management—non-energy emissions related to managing solid waste,
including trash and wastewater(e.g., methane emissions associated with the
anaerobic decay of waste disposed of in landfills). As discussed below, two types
of solid waste emissions are calculated, but only one is included in the total to
avoid double counting.
o Industrial Processes—non-energy emissions associated with industrial activity
(e.g., carbon dioxide emissions associated with cement production or emissions
associated with coolants for air conditioners) and fugitive emissions from fuel
systems (leakages in the production, distribution, and transmission of fossil fuels).
o Land Use,Land Use Change, and Forestry—emissions from changes in the
amount of carbon stored in soil and plants due to land use and forestry practices
(e.g., from clearing forest land for residential, commercial, or agricultural use)
This is also considered an optional source under the NYGHG Protocol, and it is
not included in the regional totals.
o Under the NYGHG Protocol, these are further arranged into different categories
for reporting. There, the"Built Environment" sector includes Stationary Energy
Consumption, Energy Generation and Supply, and Industrial Process. The
Transportation Energy, Waste Management,Agriculture, and Land Use and
Forestry sectors all match the sectors identified above.
• Greenhouse gases included: This inventory evaluates the impact of the three gases
which together comprise 98% of national emissions: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane
(CH4), and nitrous oxide (N20), as well as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),perfluorocarbons
(PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) emissions from the substitution of ozone depleting
substances (ODS).7 Together, CO2, CH4, and N20 make up 97.1% of national
greenhouse gas emissions in 2021.8
Different greenhouse gases have different capacities to trap heat in the atmosphere.To compare and sum the
impacts of different gases,the United Nations'Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)developed the
Global Warming Potential(GWP)concept,in which the GWP of each greenhouse gas is compared to that of CO2,
whose GWP is defined as 1.The GWP of methane(CH4)is 21,and nitrous oxide(N20)is 310.GWPs for some
gases are much higher—the GWP for SF6,for example is 23,900.For more information,see US EPA,Inventory of
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1.990-2027,April 2023.
8 US EPA,Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021,April 2023.
TOWN OF MAMARONECK COMMUNITYWIDE GHG INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT 113
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• Quantification approach: This inventory uses a blend of top-down data (e.g., state fuel
consumption estimates) and bottom-up data(customer utility data). This mix was dictated
by data availability, existing protocols, and resource limitations.
• Base year: The base year for this analysis is 2010. It was selected by the Working Group
because 2010 was the most current year for many of the data sets used in the original
inventory.
• Update year: This inventory was updated in 2023, by HVRC, using data from 2020,
2021, and 2022.
All emissions are reported in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent(MTCO2e). A metric ton
is 1,000 kilograms, or 2,206 pounds—about 10% larger than the 2,000-pound ton commonly
used in the United States.
The inventory is organized by source and by "Scope." Scope refers to the degree of control that
the regional community has over the emission source. Although the Scope framework was first
developed for corporate-level GHG inventories, a similar principle can be applied here. The
basic definition of the Scopes for community-wide emissions is as follows:
• Scope 1: All direct emissions that occur physically within a boundary, such as those
emitted by burning natural gas or fuel oil in homes, schools, and businesses.
• Scope 2: Indirect emissions from utility energy generation plants based on the amount of
electricity (or other utilities such as hot water or steam) consumed within the boundary,
regardless of where the plants are located.
• Scope 3: All other indirect, upstream, or lifecycle emissions attributed to community
activity, regardless of where they occur.
In some cases, emissions may be calculated in two ways. Emissions associated with electricity
are calculated under both Scope 1 (direct emissions from generation) and Scope 2 (indirect
emissions from consumption), but only Scope 2 emissions are included in the total, while Scope
1 emissions are provided as an informational item. Similarly, emissions from waste management
are calculated under both Scope 1 (direct emissions from landfills located within the community)
and Scope 3 (indirect emissions from waste generation, which includes both landfilled and
incinerated waste). Only Scope 3 emissions are included in the total.
Appendix B below is organized by source and Scope, and the emission totals for each source are
listed by county. The municipal-level downscaling of the regional inventory is presented in
Appendix C.Not all sources have a readily available method for allocation to the municipal
level, and unallocated sources have been identified. Given the uncertainty in the allocation
process, the allocation is intended as a starting point for estimating community emissions for all
municipalities in the region, and individual municipal efforts can likely improve on the level of
detail available.
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Appendix B. Data & Methods
B.1. Stationary Energy Consumption
Stationary energy consumption includes direct emissions from the combustion of natural gas,
coal, kerosene, distillate, motor gasoline, and other fuels, as well as indirect emissions from
electricity consumption. Direct emissions from residential, commercial, industrial, and
electricity-generating activities in the region are included in Scope 1. Indirect emissions from the
consumption of electricity are included in Scope 2. To avoid double-counting, Scope 1 emissions
from electricity generation are not included in the regional total but are reported here for
informational purposes.
1.1 Electricity—Scope 1
Data & Methods
The primary data source for electricity generation is the U.S. Energy Information
Administration's (EIA) Form 923 facility production data for 2022.9 This dataset reports total
fuel consumption (in physical units and British thermal units, or BTUs) and total net generation
in megawatt hours (MWh).This data can be gathered through EIA's web data query portal. Data
for new renewable energy power plants was gathered from EIA's Interactive GIS Data Viewer.10
Emissions from electricity generation are estimated by multiplying total fuel consumption for
each plant by the appropriate CO2, CH4, and N20 emission factors to calculate the total emission
by gas.
1.2 Electricity—Scope 2
Data & Methods
Scope 2 emissions from electricity consumption are calculated using a combination of reported
usage from utilities and, where utility data are unavailable, consumption estimates. Electricity
consumption estimates are calculated along with the fuels discussed in the Scope 1 fuels section
(Section 1.3). Central Hudson Gas & Electric, ConEdison,NYSEG, and Orange& Rockland
Utilities data was obtained from the Utility Energy Registry (UER).11 The 2021 Inventory
Update team obtained data from the platform's back-end website,where utility data is directly
uploaded and check before being published to the main UER webpage. To access this data,
contact UER managers through the "Feedback"tab of the website.
The data covers all municipalities (cities,towns, and villages) in the region fully,therefore
utility-reported usage was used. Some municipalities are in the service area of two utilities and
the usage from both utilities is accounted for in their total consumption. Data was missing from
April in all Central Hudson communities, due to a reporting error. In this case, April data was
calculated using an average of the data from March and May.
9 U.S.Energy Information Administration,2022.Form EIA-923 detailed data merged with 860 form data.
1°U.S.Energy Information Administration,2022.Interactive GIS Data Viewer.
11 Utility Energy Registry.https://utilityregistry.org/app/#/
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The reported usage for that area (in MWh) serves as the full electricity data for that town or
village. Where Commercial and Industrial data were not available, the UER data provided
Residential and Non-Residential (Commercial +Industrial) sectors; the statewide breakdown in
electricity consumption was used (80% commercial, 20% industrial). There are 4 municipalities
in Dutchess, 2 in Putnam, 4 in Rockland, 4 in Ulster, and 29 in Westchester that participate in
Community Choice Aggregation (CCA). CCA allows participating local governments to procure
energy supply service and distributed energy resources (DER) for eligible energy customers in
the community. These customers can opt out of the procurement if desired. CCA customers
receive a fixed electricity rate while maintaining transmission and distribution service from the
existing Distribution Utility.
CCA allows local governments to work together through a shared purchasing model to put out
for bid the total amount of electricity and/or natural gas being purchased by eligible customers
within the jurisdictional boundaries of participating municipalities. Eligible customers can have
more control to lower their overall energy costs,to spur clean energy innovation and investment,
to improve customer choice and value, and to protect the environment.12
CCA data by municipality was collected from CCA administrators, Westchester Power13 and
Joule Community Power.14 The administrators report total renewable load (kWh), first
converted to MWh, which was then subtracted from total residential electricity consumption
from the UER. Adoption of 100%renewable CCA lowers emissions from electricity
consumption in the municipalities that participate. In the Summary Table spreadsheet there is a
tab explaining what each of the municipalities' emissions would be if the CCA had not been in
place during 2022. The emissions reductions are higher in Westchester than for the other
counties because the NYCW eGRID region has significantly higher fossil fuel usage than the
NYUP grid.
Electricity usage information from the UER separated usage between non-village components of
towns and villages. To aggregate all activity data to the city and town level (to include village
activity), the method of assigning villages and village components to towns, described in
`Appendix—Municipal-Level Allocation' was used. This method was applied to both electricity
usage and households. The process resulted in a sum of reported electricity consumption for each
city and town in the Mid-Hudson Region, along with the number of households the reported data
applied to.
Electricity usage in MWh was then converted to one million BTU (MMBTU) and emissions
using the EPA's Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID) 2021 emission
factors for the Upstate New York(NYUP) and New York City/Westchester(NYCW) sub-
regions.15 NYCW emission factors were applied to electricity consumption in Westchester
County. The NYUP factor was applied to all other counties. Four Westchester communities,
12 NYSERDA.Community Choice Aggregation.
13 Sustainable Westchester.Westchester Power 2022 Annual Report.
14 Joule Community Power.2022 Annual Report.
1s EPA,2021.eGRID.
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Towns of Lewisboro,North Salem, Pound Ridge, and Somers, are entirely in NYSEG territory,
which uses the NYUP emissions factor, and was applied to their electricity consumption. In the
case of the Towns of Bedford and Yorktown, which are in both ConEd and NYSEG territory,
both emission factors were used. The percentage of accounts in the towns that belong to each
utility was calculated, and that amount was multiplied by the respective emission factors—
NYUP for NYSEG and NYCW for ConEd.
Finally, county-level electricity consumption and emissions estimates were calculated by
summing the results for all cities and towns within each county.
1.3 Fuels—Scope 1
Data & Methods
Different methods are used to estimate consumption and estimates from natural gas (for all
sectors), residential stationary fuels, commercial stationary fuels, and industrial stationary fuels.
Each method is described here.
Natural gas consumption was estimated using a combination of reported usage from utilities. In
the 2010 Inventory, many municipalities did not have available utility data, so consumption
estimates were used. Central Hudson Gas & Electric, ConEdison,NYSEG, and Orange &
Rockland Utilities' natural gas utility data for the 151 municipalities they serve in the Mid-
Hudson Region was obtained from the UER. Where Commercial and Industrial data were not
available,the UER data provided Non-Residential data (Commercial +Industrial), and the
statewide breakdown in electricity consumption was used (77% commercial, 23%industrial).
For locations fully served by the utilities reporting, the reported usage for that area (converted to
MMBTU) serves as the full natural gas consumption for that city, town, or village. For industrial
natural gas, consumption was estimated using the method described below for other Scope 1
fuels. If a county's total consumption reported in the utility data was greater than the estimated
amount,then the utility data was used.
For all Scope 1 stationary fuels other than natural gas, the primary data sources for residential
stationary combustion include the US Census Bureau Housing Unit data for 2020,16 the
American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year housing characteristic estimate for 202017 and the
Energy Information Administration's (EIA)New York State Energy Data System (SEDS) 2021
residential fuel consumption data, Table CT4.18 In the 2010 Mid-Hudson Regional Inventory,
calculation guidance was provided by the 2010 NYGHG Working Group to develop a weighted
estimate based on the occupancy of single-family detached(SFD), single-family attached(SFA),
or multi-family (MF) dwellings, energy use per housing unit by different types of dwellings,the
average Heating Degree Days (HDD) for each region in the state, and the use of household
16 U.S.Census Bureau,2020.Table H 1 —Housing Units.
17 U.S.Census Bureau,2020.Table DP04—Selected Housing Characteristics.
18 U.S.Energy Information Administration,2021.Residential Fuel Consumption,Table CT4. SEDS New York.
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heating fuels by household count. Utility data was used in lieu of the estimation method when
available and is discussed below.
Residential stationary combustion emissions are estimated by first estimating fuel consumption,
and then multiplying estimated fuel consumption by fuel-specific emission factors. To estimate
consumption, housing data—number of housing units by type (SFD, SFA, or MF) and household
heating fuel usage counts (oil, natural gas,propane, electricity, coal or coke, wood, and solar)—
from the ACS was collected for each county in the state and for each municipality in the region.
Total SFD and SFA housing units were indicated in the data. Total MF housing units were
assumed to equal categories for 2 or more units,plus mobile home, boat, RV, van, and other.
These counts, which included both occupied and vacant housing units, were multiplied by the
percentage of occupied housing units in each municipality to convert the housing units by type to
occupied units by type. The heating fuel counts were based only on occupied units.
Next, the occupied housing units were adjusted to account for the difference in energy use per
housing unit by dwelling type, as determined in the 2010 Mid-Hudson Regional Inventory by
the NYGHG Working Group: a SFD uses 108 MMBTU per year, while a SFA uses 89 MMBTU per
year, and a MF uses 54 MMBTU per year. The adjusted housing unit calculations were
unchanged in the 2021 Inventory Update. The adjusted housing units for each county were
calculated as:
108 89 54
Adjusted HU = 10—8 x SFAHU+—x SFAHU + —x MFHU
108108
Where:
HU="housing units",the total number of housing units by county
SFAHU="single-family detached housing units",the number of single family detached units by
county
SFAHU="single-family attached housing units",the number of single family attached units by
county
MFHU='multi-family housing units",the number of multi-family units by county(defined as
2+family houses, plus mobile home,boat, RV,van,and other)
The following process was developed to estimate the total fuel use by county for fuel oil but has
been applied to estimate the other six fuel types:
Adjusted HU
Adjusted HU,„it = HUoil x HU
Where:
HU = "housing units", the total number of housing units by county
HUori=total number of housing units that heat with oil by county
The residential consumption for each county weighted by structure type and county-specific
heating degree day (HDD)was calculated as:
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(Adjusted HUDG2 x Il DD)cc,, ty
0i1 Secouttty = Total Oil USestatewzde X
(Adjusted HUoid x HDD)
stutewade
Once energy use was established for each fuel as described above, it was multiplied by the
emission factors to estimate total emissions. Emission factors for CO2, CH4, and N20 for each of
the seven fuel types have been gathered from guidance-based EPA's Mandatory Reporting of
Greenhouse Gases Program (GHGRP). Total emissions are calculated by gas and are rolled up
into a total for each county.
Electricity consumption was applied to all households, rather than to just those using electricity
as a heating fuel,to capture the total emissions, and falls under Scope 2. HDD weighting was not
applied to electricity consumption, since the weighting should only affect the portion that heats
with electricity, but that was not identified here. All other fuels considered here are Scope 1.
A modest number of households reported using coal or coke, yet statewide residential
consumption was not available. Energy per housing unit values for fuel oil was used as a proxy
to calculate coal or coke to correct for the unreported data.
Oil US ecou,ty
Coal Usecounty =Adjusted.HUcoa1 x
Adjusted HUO 1
Where:
HUo,i=total number of housing units that heat with oil statewide
HU,,,ai=total number of housing units that heat with coal statewide
Commercial stationary combustion is estimated using a similar apportionment of the EIA's state
energy consumption in the commercial sector using SEDS, commercial fuel consumption Table
CT5.19 The commercial apportionment from 2010 was used, as no updated information could be
found, using the following methods.
First, the amount of commercial square footage by county was determined by multiplying the
total number of commercial-sector jobs in each county (collected from the New York State Data
Center and 2010 NYGHG Working Group and not changed in the 2021 Inventory Update) times
the average square footage per worker per building type (collected from the Commercial
Building Energy Consumption Survey and provided by the 2010 NYGHG Working Group).
These were multiplied by the percentage housing units by fuel type as reported in the ACS
served to estimate the amount of space heated by each fuel. Finally, the calculated consumption
was weighted by HDD: the consumption of each fuel in each county equaled the commercial
building area using that fuel times the regional HDD, divided by the sum of the products of
commercial building area times HDD for all counties in the state. These estimates were
overwritten with electricity and natural gas consumption data collected from the utilities
wherever possible.
19 U.S.Energy Information Administration,2021.Commercial Fuel Consumption,Table CT5. SEDS New York.
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The primary data source for industrial stationary combustion is the EPA's Greenhouse Gas
Reporting Program (GHGRP) data for calendar year 2021.20 This dataset includes emission
information from large facilities (defined as those that emit at least 25,000 MTCO2e per year) in
nine industry groups, including: power plants, landfills, metals manufacturing, mineral
production, petroleum refineries, pulp and paper manufacturing, chemicals manufacturing,
government and commercial facilities, and other industrial facilities. These groups cover 29
source categories of emissions. This data is available through a web tool or for download. This
project used the most comprehensive dataset available, the full 2021 GHG Dataset.
Total statewide industrial fuel consumption for 2021 from EIA's SEDS, Table CT621 and
manufacturing employment in New York State and the Mid-Hudson Region counties were also
used to supplement the GHGRP dataset. Manufacturing employment data came from the U.S.
Census Bureau's 2007 Economic Census, Employment by the North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS) Code, codes 31-33.Not enough information could be found to
update the data from the Economic Census.
Industrial stationary combustion emissions are estimated using a combination of reported direct
emissions from the Mid-Hudson Region and a method to allocate statewide industrial fuel
consumption to the Mid-Hudson Region counties.
First, data was pulled for known industrial emissions in the Mid-Hudson Region from EPA's
GHGRP dataset. The 2010 Inventory team used the following process to identify industrial
facilities located in the Mid-Hudson Region. The process also checked, using the facility city,
whether any facilities that did not have county designations were actually located in the Mid-
Hudson Region. Finally, non-industrial facilities were removed from the list by NAICS code.
Facilities that were removed from consideration were Utilities (with NAICS codes beginning
with 22-), Lessors of Real Estate (531120), Solid Waste Landfills (562212), Solid Waste
Combustors and Incinerators (562213), and Universities (611310). The result was a set of eight
industrial facilities from the GHGRP dataset located in the Mid-Hudson Region.
Second, the industrial facilities from EPA's GHGRP dataset were cross-checked(during the
2010 Inventory process and were not updated)with those in the Title V air permit data from the
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. To identify industrial facilities
from the Title V dataset located in the Mid-Hudson Region, facilities were filtered by state and
county.Non-industrial facilities were then removed from the list based on the listed Standard
Industrial Classification (SIC) code, a related set of classification codes. Only facilities with SIC
codes for Manufacturing (beginning with 20-to 39-), and Gas Production and Distribution
(beginning with 492-)were kept. Facilities that were already included in the EPA's GHGRP
were removed. The result was a list of nine additional facilities located in the Mid-Hudson
Region. Added to the eight GHGRP facilities, this resulted in a final list of 17 industrial facilities
located in the Mid-Hudson Region.
2°U.S.EPA,Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program FLIGHT Tool.
21 U.S.Energy Information Administration,2021.Industrial Fuel Consumption,Table CT6. SEDS New York.
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The list of industrial facilities and their stationary combustion emissions established by the 2010
Inventory team was used by the 2021 Inventory Update team as a guide to update industrial
emissions. The remaining industrial emissions (for example, from smaller industrial sources) are
estimated using a process to allocate statewide industrial fuel consumption emissions to the Mid-
Hudson Region counties based on industrial employment. Using 2021 industrial fuel
consumption data22 (in trillion BTU) from EIA's State Energy Data System,total New York
State emissions, by fuel, were calculated using the default emission factors per MMBTU
established by the NYGHG Protocol. The remaining emissions, statewide, were then allocated to
the county level by the portion of statewide industrial manufacturing employment in that county
(based on employment data by NAICS code from the 2007 Economic Census). Total emissions
in each county represent the sum of reported emissions and the allocated emissions.
The following process was followed for each fuel type:
NYS Industrial Stationary Combustion Emissions
= (trillion Btu consumed x 10-6 x MT Cate/ )
mmBtu
by fuel
Remaining emissions
= NYS Industrial Stationary Combustion Emissions
—Reported LHV Stationary Combustion Emissions
Industrial Employmentconnty
Remaining emissions = Remaining emissionsstate x
Industrial Employmentstate
Total Industrial Stationary Combustion Emissions county
= Reported Emissions count,+Remaining Emissionscounty
Currently, statewide industrial stationary combustion emissions are broken down into fuel types
using the statewide GHGRP industrial stationary combustion emissions total, apportioned to fuel
types based on EIA's statewide fuel consumption data.
1.4 Energy Supply
Emissions that result from energy supply processes are included here. These include electricity
transmission and distribution (T&D)losses,natural gas T&D losses, and the use of sulfur
hexafluoride (SF6)in the utility industry. The following methods are used to calculate emissions
from each.
22 U.S.Energy Information Administration,2021.SEDS New York Industrial Fuel Consumption Table CT6.The
fuel type"Other Petroleum Products"was adjusted to remove Asphalt and Road Oil,which are non-energy
products.Asphalt and Road Oil makes up about 62%of the Other Petroleum Products category,so 38%of the 51.2
trillion BTU(19.4 trillion BTU)was used to distribute among the Mid-Hudson counties.
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Data & Methods
To estimate losses due to electricity T&D, total electricity consumption (in MWh) is multiplied
by a T&D loss factor to determine the quantity of electricity lost during T&D. The 2010
Inventory used the Eastern regional loss factor of 5.28% from eGRID. The 2021 Inventory
Update uses the same eGRID loss factor. The total electricity lost is then multiplied by the
electricity emission factors (either NYUP or NYCW)to estimate emissions from electricity
T&D. For the four Westchester communities, Towns of Lewisboro,North Salem, Pound Ridge,
and Somers, in NYSEG territory and the Towns of Bedford and Yorktown in both ConEd and
NYSEG territory, the same emissions factors were used as described in the methods of Section
1.1 Electricity—Scope 2.
The following comes from the 2010 Inventory and has remained unchanged during the 2021
Inventory Update: Natural gas transmission and distribution losses from pipelines are sources of
CH4 emission. Utilities often report their average annual lost and unaccounted for(LAUF)
natural gas to the New York Public Service Commission.Natural gas consumption data were
gathered from Central Hudson Gas & Electric and Orange & Rockland Utilities and was
estimated for the remaining utilities. Central Hudson Gas & Electric reports a three year(2005-
2008) average LAUF of 1.07%.23 For utilities that do not report LAUF, the statewide average of
1.8% as documented by National Grid in Public Service Commission reporting will be used. The
estimated natural gas consumption for each utility was multiplied by the LAUF and then
converted from thousand cubic feet(Mcf) to MTCO2e.
SF6 is a greenhouse gas that is used as an electrical insulator in electricity T&D equipment.24 The
SF6 may escape from this equipment and emit into the atmosphere. To estimate these emissions,
a national average implied emission factor is used. The emission factor is estimated by dividing
2021 total SF6 emissions from electricity T&D from the U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory25 by
total nationwide retail electricity sales from the EIA.26 The resultant factor of 0.0021 MTCO2e
/MWh was applied to total electricity consumption in the Mid-Hudson Region.
B.2. Mobile Energy Consumption
2.1 On-Road
On-road mobile transportation includes travel by motor vehicles on roads in the Mid-Hudson
Region. The combustion of fuel in vehicles results in emissions of CO2, CH4 and N20. The
amount of CO2 emitted by vehicles depends on the amount of fuel consumed, whereas CH4 and
N20 emissions vary based on control technologies used by vehicles. On-road vehicles include
23 Central Hudson Gas&Electric Corporation,Case Nos.09-E-0588&09-G-0589,Response to Staff Information
Request No. 17.Natural Gas Losses Table.
24 U.S.EPA.Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021. Section 4.25,Electrical
Transmission and Distribution.
25 U.S.EPA.Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021.Table 4-1.
26 EIA. Summary Electricity Statistics,Table 1.2 Summary Statistics,2011-2021.(From Table 2.2 Sales).
https:;/www.eia.go', umual/html/epa01 02.httnl
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passenger cars, other 2-axle, and 4-axle vehicles, single-unit trucks,buses, combination trucks,
and motorcycles.
Data & Methods
There are 3 data components needed to estimate mobile energy emissions:
• Types of vehicles on the road ("Vehicle Mix")
• Distance traveled by on-road vehicles ("VMT,"vehicle miles traveled)
• Fuel consumption per vehicle type ("Fuel Economy")
Vehicle Mix. Data on the on-road vehicle mix for each functional class of road (e.g., rural
interstate, urban freeways and expressways)were obtained for each New York State Department
of Transportation (NYSDOT) region from NYSDOT's Environmental Science Bureau dataset.27
The breakdown of vehicle types for each functional class of road was translated to Highway
Performance Monitoring System (HPMS)vehicle categories by the NYGHG Working Group in
2010. This was not changed in the 2021 Inventory Update.
Distance. Data on vehicle miles traveled (VMT)was obtained from NYSDOT modeled data for
all counties. County-level VMT data was available by functional class of roadway for 2019
through a Freedom of Information Law (FOIL) Request to the NYSDOT.
Fuel Economy. State- or regional-level data on the fuel economy of the Mid-Hudson Region's
vehicle fleet were not available. As a proxy, national average fuel economy values by vehicle
class were used based on the Federal Highway Administration's Highway Statistics 2019 series.
Data Quality. Table 1 presents the data used to estimate emissions from on-road mobile energy
consumption. As shown, 2009 data was unchanged for Vehicle Mix, and 2019 is the latest year
available for VMT and Fuel Economy that was not impacted by the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Table 1 —On-road Energy Consumption Data Summary
Data by Functional
Granularity Class Vintage of Data Notes
VMT Counties Yes 2019
Vehicle Mix NYSDOT Regions Yes 2009
Do not have separate
fuel economy values
for gasoline and diesel
Fuel Economy National Data No 2019 vehicles.
The general methodology for estimating CO2 emissions from mobile consumption is:
CO, emissions =Fuel Consumption x Emission Factor
27 NYSDOT Environmental Science Bureau,2009.Mobile 6.2 CO Emission Factors for project-level microscale
analysis.
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Fuel consumption in the Mid-Hudson Region was estimated by determining the distance traveled
by different vehicle types and the amount of fuel consumed by each type of vehicle (fuel
economy). First, data on total annual distance (VMT)traveled by vehicles within each county
was allocated to vehicle types using the NSYDOT dataset on the breakdown of vehicles on NY
roads (vehicle mix)by functional class of road. For each vehicle type and functional class, VMT
data were multiplied by the average fuel economy of each vehicle type to determine total annual
fuel consumption for each vehicle type. Total gasoline and diesel fuel consumption was then
multiplied by the CO2 emission factor for each fuel, which resulted in an estimate of CO2
emissions for the region. In equation form:
CO2 emissions(MT) =Z VMTab x FCab x EFab
Where:
VMT =annual vehicle miles traveled(miles/year)
FC =fuel consumption per mile traveled(gallons per mile;1t fuel economy)
EF =Emission factor(MTCOigallon of fuel)
a =fuel type(diesel or gasoline)
b =vehicle type(passenger car,bus,combination truck,motorcycle,single-unit truck,
and other 2/4 axle trucks)
Based on guidance from the NYGHG Protocol, it was assumed that 10% of gasoline sold in New
York is comprised of ethanol, so 10% of gasoline consumed was assumed to be ethanol. CO2
emissions from ethanol were assumed to be zero, as biogenic CO2 is not included in this
inventory.
Methane and nitrous oxide make up less than 2% of on-road transportation emissions and require
data on the types of vehicle control technologies in use in the region's on-road vehicle fleet. For
the 2010 Mid-Hudson Region GHG inventory,per the guidelines of the NYGHG Protocol,non-
CO2 emissions from vehicles were estimated by multiplying CO2 emissions by the ratio of CH4
and N20 emissions from transportation per million tons (MT) of CO2 emissions (MTCO2e
/MTCO2). This ratio, obtained from the EPA's Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and
Sinks: 1990-2010, is 0.000994 MTCO2e of CH4 per MTCO2 and 0.01367 MTCO2e of N2O per
MTCO2 of on-road transportation emissions. This ratio from the 2010 Inventory was used in the
2021 Inventory Update.
2.2 Air
Airplanes that fly in and out of airports in the Mid-Hudson Region are sources of emissions. This
inventory uses the Scope 3 approach to estimate emissions from flight, which apportions national
emissions based on the share of national commercial air mileage starting or ending at an airport
in the region.
The six regional airports with recorded commercial flight data are Kline Kill Airport(airport
code NY1) in Ulster County, Sky Acres Airport(NY5) in Dutchess County, Sullivan County
International Airport(MSV) in Sullivan County, Stewart International Airport(SWF)in Orange
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County, Dutchess County Airport(POU) in Dutchess County, and Westchester County Airport
(HPN) in Westchester County.
Data & Methods
There is not enough information available to update this sector. The methods used in the 2010
Inventory are as follows:
The flight dataset is from the U.S. Department of Transportation's Bureau of Transportation
Statistics. Data of interest includes the number of performed flights and the distance traveled in
2010.National flight emissions data (114,000,000 MTCO2e) is from the U.S. Inventory for
2010.28
The data was filtered to include only domestic flights from and to the six airports in the Mid-
Hudson Region. Total miles traveled in 2010 were calculated for each route by multiplying the
number of performed flights with the distance per trip. The total miles of flights from and to each
of the six airports were calculated. Flight miles are halved in the emissions calculations because
emissions from half the trip are attributed to the origin airport and half are attributed to the
destination airport. This ensures that two regions following the same methodology would not
double-count emissions. Regional flight emissions were calculated using the following:
Regional f light emissions
Regional Departing flight miles+Regional Arriving f light miles
National flight miles
x National Flight Emissions x 0.5
2.3 Marine
The marine transportation sector includes engines used for pleasure craft purposes and
commercial marine vehicles on the Hudson River.
Data & Methods
There is not enough information available to update this sector. The methods used in the 2010
Inventory are as follows:
Non-commercial marine off-road vehicle use and emissions data for each of the seven counties
in the Mid- Hudson Region in 2007 was obtained using EPA's NONROAD Emissions Model.
The model input values were adjusted by the New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation (NYS DEC). Among other emission types, the NONROAD model estimates
carbon dioxide emissions. The emissions from all off-road vehicles within the pleasure craft
classification in each county were summed and converted to MTCO2e from short tons.
28 U.S.EPA.Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2010. Table 3-12.
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Commercial marine emissions for each county were calculated based on carbon monoxide (CO)
emissions for the sector reported in the 2008 National Emissions Inventory.29 The National
Emissions Inventory contains CO emissions, by county, for the"Mobile—Commercial Marine
Vessels" sector. A ratio of CO2 to CO emissions was used to estimate CO2 emissions from
commercial marine vessels. The ratio was based on CO2 and CO emission factors for low-sulfur
fuel oil no. 6. The CO2/CO emission factor ratio (25,000 lb CO2/10 3 gal over 5 lb CO/l0 3
gal)30 was then multiplied by total CO emissions for each county to get CO2 emissions for
commercial marine vessels.
2.4 Rail
Emissions from railroad locomotives result from the use of diesel fuel.
Data & Methods
There is not enough information available to update this sector. The methods used in the 2010
Inventory are as follows:
Due to the limited amount of data available in this sector, the NYGHG Working Group elected
to use data from the 2002 New York State Locomotive Survey31 as a proxy for 2010 emissions.
The survey collected information on 2002 locomotive fuel use for four categories of
locomotives: Class I, Class IUIII, commuter/passenger, and switchyard. Class I railroads are
large, long-distance line haul railroads and Class II and III railroads consist primarily of regional
and local line haul and switching railroads. Yard locomotives move railcars within a particular
railway yard.
The survey reported county-level fuel consumption for Class I and system-wide fuel
consumption estimates for Class IUIII locomotives. The survey also reported county-level fuel
consumption estimates from passenger/commuter lines that operate diesel locomotive cars. The
Class I rail companies in New York State operate switchyards and the fuel consumption from
switchyards in the Mid-Hudson Region could not be separated out from line haul fuel
consumption.
The county-level Class I and commuter/passenger fuel consumption estimates were multiplied
by the diesel fuel CO2 emission factor to calculate CO2 emissions. The fuel consumption
estimates were converted by the diesel density factor and multiplied by the emission factors and
global warming potentials to calculate CH4 and N20 emissions.32 The inventory does not report
emission from the Class II/III rail type because the fuel consumption estimates are not reported
29 US EPA,2009,The National Emissions Inventory.
30 CO2 and CO emission factors came from EPA's AP 42 emissions factor report,fifth edition,Volume 1,Chapter
1,Section 1.3.
31 NYSERDA Clean Diesel Technology:Non-Road Field Demonstration Program.Development of the 2002
Locomotive Survey for New York State.
32 Default factors from EPA's 2012 State Inventory Tool(SIT),Mobile Combustion Module.The SIT's default
diesel density factors are from EIA Annual Energy Review 2007.The SIT's default diesel emission factors are from
IPCC 1996 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
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by county.
2.5 Off-Road
Emissions from off-road vehicles include engines used for agricultural, construction, lawn and
garden, and off-road recreation purposes.
Data & Methods
There is not enough information available to update this sector. The methods used in the 2010
Inventory are as follows:
Off-road vehicle use and emissions data for each of the seven counties in the Mid-Hudson
Region in 2007 was obtained using EPA's NONROAD Emissions Model. The model input
values were adjusted by NYS DEC. Among other emission types, the NONROAD model
estimates carbon dioxide emissions. The emissions from all off road vehicles, excluding those in
the pleasure craft classification, in each county were summed, and converted to MTCO2e from
short tons. To avoid double counting, the emission of vehicles in the pleasure craft classification
is accounted in the marine emission source and is not included in the off-road emission source.
B.3. Waste Management
The waste management sector encompasses solid waste and wastewater. The organic material in
solid waste and wastewater degrades during the decomposition and treatment processes and
emits greenhouse gases.
3.1 Solid Waste
The decomposition of organic matter in solid waste produces methane. For this inventory, both
Scope 1 and Scope 3 emissions for solid waste were calculated. Scope 1 represents emissions
from landfills located within the region, regardless of where the waste originated. Scope 3
represents emissions from waste generated by the region, regardless of where the waste is
ultimately transported. To avoid double-counting, only Scope 3 emissions are included in the
total and Scope 1 emissions from solid waste are reported here for informational purposes.
Scope 1
Scope 1 solid waste accounts for emissions from landfills located within Mid-Hudson Region
counties. According to the NYS DEC, there are no active municipal solid waste landfills in the
Mid-Hudson Region as of December 30, 2021.33 However, closed municipal solid waste landfills
may still be sources of emissions because waste emits methane for several decades as it decays.
Closed large municipal solid waste landfill facilities in the region include Orange County
Landfill and Croton Landfill. These two landfills were not included in the 2010 Inventory due to
data not being reported to the EPA's GHGRP during the time the inventory was being
completed.
33 NYS DEC Active Municipal Solid Waste Landfills.https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/23682.html
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In addition to the Orange County and Croton Landfills, there are two other landfills that are
included within the EPA's GHGRP: Al Turi Landfill and Sullivan County Landfill. Al Turi
Landfill was reporting to the EPA from 2010-2016 but has "discontinued reporting without a
valid reason as of August 12,2022."34 Sullivan County Landfill discontinued reporting for a
valid reason in 2016. Landfill facilities are eligible to stop reporting when emissions are less than
15,000 MTCO2e for three consecutive years, or less than 25,000 MTCO2e for five consecutive
years.35
Scope 1 does not include emissions from waste combustion facilities to avoid double-counting.
Those facilities, which are also used to generate electricity, are included under electricity
generation. Much of the electricity generated from these facilities is also accounted for in
electricity consumption.
Data &Methods
Data on emissions from landfills came from EPA's GHGRP data for calendar year 2021.36 This
dataset includes emission information from large facilities (defined as those that emit>25,000
MTCO2e per year) in nine industry groups, including landfills. This data is available through a
web tool for download. Methane emissions from landfill processes were reported as solid waste
Scope 1 emissions.
Scope 3
Solid waste Scope 3 accounts for emissions from waste generated within the Mid-Hudson
Region counties, regardless of where the waste is sent.
Data &Methods
Solid waste data from landfill facilities were compiled from NYS DEC 2021 Annual Landfill
Facility Reports.37 The solid waste data was filtered to include landfill facilities that service, or
receive waste from, the counties in the Mid-Hudson Region. Landfill gas (LFG) collection
acreage, total landfill acreage, and percent alternative daily cover(ADC) data were gathered
from NYS DEC 2021 Annual Landfill Facility Reports.38 Solid waste data from waste
combustion facilities that service the counties in the Mid-Hudson Region were gathered from
NYS DEC 2021 Annual Municipal Waste Combustion Facility Reports.39
The Annual Landfill Facility Reports provide solid waste data from all NYS landfills that service
the counties in the Mid-Hudson Region, except for Putnam County. Data was available from the
Putnam County Department of Solid Waste Management on the number of tons of solid waste
Putnam County sent to Wheelabrator Westchester. The tons of solid waste generated in Putnam
County were estimated using the following equation: population multiplied by MSW disposal
34 U.S.EPA,Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program FLIGHT Tool.
35 U.S.EPA 2019.GHG Data and Publication Frequently Asked Questions.
36 U.S.EPA,Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program FLIGHT Tool.
37 NYS DEC 2021.Annual Landfill Facility Reports.
38 Ibid.
39 NYS DEC 2021.Annual Municipal Waste Combustion Facility Reports.
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per capita(lbs/day) multiplied by 365/2000. The tons of incinerated waste from Putnam County
were then subtracted from the estimated MSW generated annually. This was done because, of the
total waste generated in Putnam County, the remaining 4.6% of waste that is not incinerated is
sent to an out-of-state landfill—this landfill was named"Out of State Landfill."
The weighted percentage of landfill area with LFG capture and weighted ADC were calculated
for each county based on the landfills that accept municipal solid waste (MSW)from each
county. For each unique landfill facility that services the Mid-Hudson Region, the percentage of
land in which gas is collected was calculated by dividing the gas collection acreage with the total
landfill acreage. The amount of MSW and construction and demolition waste (C&D) generated
by each county that was sent to landfills was calculated by summing the amount of waste from
the "service area(s)" of interest, which are the counties in the Mid-Hudson Region. Then, the
percentage of land with LFG capture for landfill facilities that collect MSW from each county
were weighted by the amount of MSW received from that county. The portion of land with LFG
captured for all counties ranged from 97%to 100%. The ADC percent for landfill facilities that
collect MSW from each county were also weighted by the amount of MSW received from that
county. For Putnam County's "Out of State Landfill"the %LFG Capture and ADC %were
calculated by averaging the percentages from the other landfills that service the region. The
inventory assumes no LFG capture and ADC for C&D waste.
Because the data from the Landfill Facility Reports does not include waste handled at transfer
stations or waste sent out of state, the inventory estimated total MSW generated by using MSW
daily disposal per capita for each county. This also ensured that the assumptions used here are
consistent with data used by the Mid-Hudson Regional Sustainability Plan. The New York State
Draft Solid Waste Management Plan provided data on MSW disposal per capita which was
compiled from various sources summarized in Table 2. The daily disposal per capita was
multiplied by the counties' population, converted from pounds to tons, and converted from daily
waste generation to annual. Using the data from the NYS DEC Annual Reports,the percentages
of generated MSW and C&D that were landfilled versus combusted in each county were
calculated. The amount of waste generated was multiplied by the counties' fraction of waste that
is sent to landfills to determine the amount of MSW landfilled. The amount of ADC was also
calculated by multiplying the MSW landfilled with the weighted ADC percent for each county.
The inventory sums up the amount of C&D generated using the data from the DEC Annual
Reports because those are the only sources with C&D data.
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Table 2—Waste Data from NYS Solid Waste Management Plan
Per Capita MSW Disposal
County Population Rate (lbs/day) Recycling Rate
Dutchess 295,911 4.15 45%
Orange 401,310 4.14 39%
Putnam 97,668 4.55 58%
Rockland 338,329 4.31 22%
Sullivan 78,624 5.24 6
Ulster 181,851 4.07 13%
Westchester 1,004,457 3.77 34%
Note: Recycling Rate includes MSW recycled/composted and C&D materials but does not include
combusted materials.
The California Air Resources Board(CARB) Landfill Emissions Tool Version 1.3 from 2011
was used to calculate Scope 3 emissions. The 2021 version of the tool that is publicly available
via CARB's website could not be edited; therefore, Version 1.3 was used to input NYS-specific
waste in place fractions. The tool implements the mathematically exact first-order decay (FOD)
model of the 2006 IPCC guidelines. The methodology of the FOD model is available in the
Local Government Operations Protocol.4o
The tool is used to calculate emissions that the waste generated in 2021 will emit over its lifetime
in a landfill. First, the number of years for which waste generated during the inventory year will
be releasing methane was calculated. The half-life of landfilled waste was calculated through the
following equation: k= ln(2)/half-life in years. K is determined based on the amount of annual
rainfall in the county, and an average rainfall of greater than 40 inches per year was assumed for
all counties in the Mid-Hudson Region. Given the rainfall assumption,k= 0.057. The half-life
was multiplied by four half-lives to determine T, the number of years for which waste deposited
during the inventory year will be releasing methane.
NYS DEC completed a revised solid waste plan,New York State Draft Solid Waste
Management Plan, which builds upon the State's 2010 Beyond Waste Plan. The plan includes
data on estimated composition of waste discarded in 2023, and is categorized by rural, suburban,
and urban settings.41 NY State-specific solid waste discard composition data was used to find
the fractions of waste types which contain anaerobically degradable carbon (ANDOC). For the
municipal solid waste (MSW) component,the inventory assumes the waste composition from
suburban settings for Dutchess, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, and Westchester Counties and from
rural settings for Sullivan and Ulster Counties. For the purposes of the solid waste analysis,NYS
DEC defines rural as communities in the state with a population density of less than 325 people
per square mile and suburban areas as communities with a population density between 325 and
4o Local Government Operations Protocol.Version 1.1.2010.
41 NYS DEC 2023.Draft Solid Waste Management Plan.Appendix H Table 2:New York State MSW Composition.
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5,000 people per square mile. The inventory assumes the waste composition for the construction
and demolition (C&D)waste emission analysis is 100% C&D.
The county and NY State-specific information was used to replace the California-specific default
data in the tool. In the"Landfill Model Inputs tab,"the state/country input was set to"US-
Other", and the k value was set to 0.057. The amount of solid waste generated in the inventory
year was entered into the tool's "Landfill Model Inputs tab" T years prior(1972)to the inventory
year. Because the tool Version 1.3 reports until 2020, the amount of solid waste generated was
inputted one year prior to T years (1971)to account for the total lifetime the waste generated in
2021 will emit. The NY State-specific waste in place fractions were entered into the"Landfill
Specific ANDOC Values"tab of the tool. The new%ANDOC value was entered into the
"Landfill Model Inputs"tab to replace the default numbers. The amount of ADC was entered
into the tool for MSW estimates and assumes the daily cover is composed of green waste and
compost. The default%ANDOC value for daily cover that was calculated by the tool was used.
The inventory assumes no ADC for C&D waste.
The sum of methane emission results over T years represents the total amount of methane
expected to be released by inventory year waste generated and deposited in a landfill without a
LFG collection system. The methane emissions for MSW waste were then adjusted for a LFG
collection system. The EPA default LFG collection efficiency of 75%was assumed because the
weighted percent of land with LFG collection per county, ranging from 97 to 100%, indicates
comprehensive LFG systems.42 The sum of methane emissions was multiplied by 100%minus
the default LFG collection efficiency to determine methane emissions from MSW generated and
deposited in a landfill without a LFG collection system. The inventory assumes no LFG
collection for C&D waste. Carbon dioxide emission outputs from the solid waste tool are
considered biogenic and are not included in the inventory emissions.
3.2 Wastewater
When organic waste material in wastewater degrades during the wastewater treatment processes,
it emits both methane and nitrous oxide. Methane is emitted during anaerobic digestion of
wastewater, and nitrous oxide is emitted when nitrogen components in wastewater degrade. The
amount of methane and nitrous oxide emitted from wastewater depends on the type of
wastewater treatment processes used, such as septic systems, centralized wastewater treatment
plants (WWTPs), and anaerobic digesters.
Data & Methods
Wastewater treatment emissions are calculated based on the population served by wastewater
treatment processes. The population served by WTTPs in the region was gathered from
individual county or municipality websites. Some municipalities track the number of connections
to the sewer system, and not the total population served. Where only the number of connections
were available, that number was multiplied by the average household size (2.8)to get total
42 EPA,2008.AP 42,Fifth Edition,Volume I,Chapter 2: Solid Waste Disposal.
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population. Where county or municipal data was not available, population totals were taken from
NYS Open Source Data: Descriptive Data of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants.43
Although the exact timeframe of this data was not available, it was used because the dataset
description is "current through the most recent survey."
In the 2010 Inventory, all communities were attributed wastewater treatment emissions, even
those that are not served by a WWTP, and no septic emissions were calculated. The 2021
Inventory Update team chose to zero the wastewater treatment emissions for communities where
the entire population is on a private septic system. If a community is interested in calculating
septic system emissions, HVRC made a wastewater emissions calculator that calculates septic
emissions and is available on its website.44 The wastewater emissions calculator uses the
following equation to calculate the emissions from all septic systems in a community.
Equation 10.2 Stationary CH4 from Incomplete Combustion of Digester Gas(default)
Annual CH4 emissions(metric tons CO2e)=
(P x Digester Gas x FcH4 x p(CH4)x(1-DE)x 0.0283 x 365.25 x 10-6)x GWP
Where:
Term Description Value
P = population served by the WWTP with anaerobic digesters user input
Digester Gas _ cubic feet of digester gas produced per person per day 1.0
[ft3lperson/day]
F cH4 = fraction of CH4 in biogas 0.65
p(CH4) = density of methane[g/m3] 662.00
DE = CH4 Destruction Efficiency .99
0.0283 = conversion from ft3 to m3[m3/ft3] 0.0283
365.25 = conversion factor[day/year] 365.25
10-6 = conversion from g to metric ton[metric ton/g] 10-6
GWP = Global Warming Potential 21
Source:EPA Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks:1990-2007,Chapter 8,8-7(2009).
There are four towns that do not have WWTPs but have a village within the town that uses a
WWTP covering the entire population of the village. The populations of these towns were
updated to only include the village population in the wastewater treatment emissions allocation.
This was done because village emissions are included in town emissions roll-ups. Therefore, the
total wastewater treatment emissions will only be that of the village, and if the town chooses to
subtract village emissions from its total, its wastewater treatment emissions will be zero. This
was done for the Towns of Hamptonburgh, Philipstown, Washington, and Wawarsing.
Wastewater treatment emissions were calculated using EPA's State Inventory Tool (SIT)
modified for use in individual counties. Methane emissions from municipal wastewater treatment
were calculated by multiplying the population served by municipal WWTPs, found either
directly from the county/municipality or taken from NYS Data,by the annual per-capita 5-day
43 NYS Office of Information Technology Services. Current Descriptive Data of Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Plants.
44 HVRC Website. Septic Emissions Calculator.
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biological oxygen demand (BOD5)rate times the emission factor of CH4 emitted per quantity of
BOD5. Default values for New York State in the SIT were used. The percentage of the
population not on septic was updated to 100%to account for the population being input into the
SIT equaling the number of people in each county served by wastewater treatment.
( J' year kg C9BOD kg x x x EF Days MT GgCH4
CH4 Emissions(MT) = Population x Per capita BOD5 da s
)
x%of WW anaerobically digested
Where:
Population = Population served by municipal WWTPs.
Per capita BOD5 = 5-day biochemical oxygen demand per capita.Default value is
0.09 kg BOD5/day.
EF = Emission factor of CH4 emitted per quantity of BOD5.Default
value is 0.6 Gg CH4/Gg BOD5.
%of WW anaerobically = Fraction of wastewater BOD5 that is anaerobically digested.
digested Default value is 16.25%.
Nitrous oxide emissions from municipal wastewater treatment were calculated by multiplying
the population served by the percent of the population using centralized wastewater treatment
(not septic systems), times the amount of direct N20 emissions from wastewater treatment per
person per year.
N20 Emissions(MT)= Population x Fraction of population not on septic
gN20
MT
x Direct N20 emissions from WWT person x—
year g
Where:
Population = Population served by municipal WWTPs.
Fraction of population not = Percent of population that is served by centralized WWTPs as
on septic opposed to septic systems.The default value for New York
State is 79%.
Direct N20 emissions from = The amount of N20 emitted from WWTPs.Default value is 4.0
WWT grams N20 per person per year.
Nitrous oxide emissions from wastewater biosolids were calculated using the following equation:
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N in Domestic Wastewater
kg
=Population x Protein arson kgN
x Frac(npr) x Fraction nonconsumption N x
MT
p
year kg protein kg
N20 Emissions(MT)
=N in Domestic WW(MT)
—Direct N Emissions from Domestic WW(MT)x(1
—%of Biosolids used as fertilizer)x EF kg N20N 1 x �N20
�
kgsewageNp,.odu.sa N2
Where:
Population = Population served by municipal WWTPs.
Protein = Available protein per person per year(kg/person/year).
Default value is 42.6 kg/person/year.34
Fraction of population not = Percent of population that is served by centralized WWTPs as
on septic opposed to septic systems.The default value for New York
State is 79%.
Direct N20 emissions from = The amount of N20 emitted from WWTPs.Default value is 4.0
WWT grams N20 per person per year. 45
B.4. Industrial Processes
Industrial process emissions are those produced as by-products of non-energy-related industrial
activities. In the Mid-Hudson Region, the primary industrial actor is Revere Smelting and
Refining Corporation, which is a lead manufacturer.
Data & Methods
Industrial process emissions for the Mid-Hudson Region were estimated for two emission
sources to cover the industrial process emissions in the Mid-Hudson Region. These sources are
CO2, CH4, and N20 from general industrial activity as reported by large facilities and
hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions from ozone depleting substances (ODS) substitutes.
Data on industrial activity from large facilities came from EPA's GHGRP data for calendar year
2021.46 This dataset includes emission information from large facilities (defined as those that
emit> 25,000 MTCO2e per year)in nine industry groups, including: power plants, landfills,
metals manufacturing, mineral production, petroleum refineries, pulp and paper manufacturing,
chemicals manufacturing, government and commercial facilities, and other industrial facilities.
These groups cover 29 source categories of emissions. This data is available through a web tool
or for download. This update used the most comprehensive dataset available, which is the full
2021 GHG Dataset.
To calculate emissions from ODS substitutes, the Mid-Hudson Region developed an implied
emission factor based on total national ODS substitute emissions and population. National ODS
45 Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, 1990-2021.
46 U.S.EPA,Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program FLIGHT Tool.
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substitute emissions came from EPA's national GHG inventory.47 Total 2020 U.S. population
was collected from the U.S. Census Bureau.48
Industrial Facility Emissions - The primary data source is EPA's GHGRP data for calendar year
2021. To identify facilities located in the Mid-Hudson Region, the full dataset of facilities was
filtered by state and county. The process also checked,using the facility city,whether any
facilities that did not have county designations were located in the Mid-Hudson Region. The
result was one facility located in the Mid-Hudson Region Revere Smelting & Refining Corp. The
inventory only includes emissions from lead production under Industrial Processes. Stationary
combustion, electricity production, and landfill emissions are included elsewhere in the
inventory.
ODS Substitute Emissions - To supplement the GHGRP data, emissions were also calculated for
ODS substitutes, a key industrial process emissions source category not covered in the EPA
dataset. The Mid-Hudson Region used an implied per capita emissions factor based on the
national greenhouse gas inventory for 2021.49 Equipment that use ODS Substitutes are widely
distributed throughout all households and businesses. Total 2020 ODS substitution emissions
(166.1 Tg CO2e)were divided by total 2020 U.S. population (331,449,281)to derive an implied
per capita emission factor. This implied emissions factor was multiplied by the population of
each of the municipalities in the Mid-Hudson Region to estimate emissions from this industrial
process source category.
B.5. Agriculture
The agriculture sector of the Mid-Hudson Regional inventory includes non-carbon dioxide
emissions from enteric fermentation in domestic livestock, livestock manure management, and
agricultural soil management(including fertilizer application). Carbon dioxide emissions are not
included as they are assumed to be biogenic and don't represent an anthropogenic emission
source.
According to the Mid-Hudson Region's Strategic Economic Development Plan, the percentage
of land that is farmed in each county is 20% in Dutchess, 16% in Orange, 4% in Putnam, 3% in
Westchester, and 11% in Ulster. The percentage of farmland in Rockland is negligible, and the
figures for Sullivan County are not available.50 These percentages were taken from the 2010
Inventory and not changed. The primary agricultural industry in the region is dairy production,
along with other livestock production. The primary crops in the region are corn (for grain and
silage), forage, oats, and soybean.
Data & Methods
There is not enough information available to update this sector. The old methane and nitrous
47 US EPA.Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021.Table 4-1.
48 US Census Bureau.2020. State and County QuickFacts.
49 US EPA.Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021.Table 4-1.
50 Mid-Hudson Regional Economic Development Council Strategic Plan.
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oxide emissions factors were used; therefore, the results remain unchanged from 2010
agriculture emissions totals. The methods used in the 2010 Inventory are as follows:
Data on 2010 livestock populations and crop productions were available for New York State on
the county-level from USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS).51 Livestock
populations for 2010 included beef cows,milk cows, and all cattle (including calves). Calf
populations were calculated by assuming that calves account for 17.4% of the total non-dairy
cattle/cow population. Data for crop production in the Mid-Hudson Region counties covered
corn for grain, hay alfalfa, other dry hay, oats, soybeans, and winter wheat.
Data from EPA's Regional GHG Inventory Guidance on livestock population percentage
breakdowns in New York State was also used to allocate dairy cattle and beef cattle populations
into sub-categories. The subcategories for dairy cattle are dairy cows and dairy replacement
heifers.52 The subcategories for beef cattle are beef cows, beef replacement heifers, heifer
stockers, steer stockers, feedlot heifers, feedlot steer, and bulls.53
Fertilizer sales data came from the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets
dataset of total fertilizer and nutrients by county for calendar year 2010. For each county, the
dataset included total fertilizer sales,broken into single, multi-nutrient, and other; Total N, P205,
and K20 in multiple-nutrient fertilizer, and total N, P205, and K20 in all fertilizer.
County-level emissions for agriculture were calculated using EPA's State Inventory Tool (SIT),
using default emission factors for New York State. To calculate emissions from enteric
fermentation and manure management, the tool requires population information for each
livestock subcategory. Total county milk cow population and beef cow population from NASS
were multiplied by the percentage breakdowns from EPA's Regional GHG Inventory Guidance
to derive subcategory populations. The tool then multiplies the number of animals by a per-head
enteric CH4 emission factor to estimate total enteric fermentation emissions for each county. The
tool multiplies the subcategory populations by New York defaults for Typical Animal Mass
(TAM), volatile solids (VS), and methane conversion factors for different manure management
systems to estimate CH4 emissions from manure management and by TAM, K-Nitrogen factors,
and nitrogen emission factors for different manure management systems to estimate N20
emissions from manure management.
To calculate emissions from management of agricultural soils, the SIT follows three steps. The
tool first calculates emissions from plant residues and allows input of crop production data for 21
crop types. Five of these crop types are grown in the Mid-Hudson Region: Alfalfa (pulled from
NASS as "Hay Alfalfa (Dry)"), corn for grain, wheat, oats, and soybeans. The tool multiplies
these production amounts by a series of factors, including residue dry matter fraction, fraction
residue applied, and nitrogen content of residue to calculate the amount of nitrogen returned to
soils and the amount of nitrogen fixed by crops.
51 USDA,2010.National Agricultural Statistics Service,Census of Agriculture,County Summary Highlights.
52 EPA Regional GHG Inventory Guidance.Table A-24.Dairy cow population percentages by state,2006.
53 EPA Regional GHG Inventory Guidance.Table A-25.Beef cow population percentages by state,2006.
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The second step of calculating emissions from agricultural soil management estimates emissions
from plant fertilizer application. The tool uses the total amounts of fertilizer nitrogen by type
(synthetic fertilizers, dried blood, compost, dried manure, activated sewage sludge, other sewage
sludge, tankage, or other organic amendments)to estimate direct and indirect N20 emissions
from fertilizer applications. For each county, the total N in all fertilizer types from the New York
State dataset was entered into the tool under"Synthetic Fertilizer"to estimate fertilizer
emissions.
Finally, the SIT calculates agricultural soil emissions from animals and runoff. This step uses the
livestock population data entered under enteric fermentation and manure management and New
York state default distributions of livestock management systems (e.g. managed systems,
pasture, and daily spread) along with built-in emission factors to estimate N20 emissions.
B.6. Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry
Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) measures changes to forest carbon stocks.
This measurement reflects the impact of changes in land use on the capacity of forests in the
Mid-Hudson Region to store (or"sequester") carbon in their trees, forest litter, and soils. Forest
carbon sequestration is the process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is taken up by trees
through photosynthesis and stored as carbon in biomass (trunks,branches, foliage, and roots) and
soils. This source is considered"optional"under the guidance of the NYGHG Working Group.
However,it is included here due to the importance of forest resources to the region.
Data & Methods
Two datasets were used to calculate net emissions from LULUCF: (1)the acres of forested land
by county in 2010 and 2020 and (2) the carbon sequestration rates for forests in the region.
In 2010 the acres of forested land were retrieved from the U.S. Forest Service's Forest Inventory
and Analysis database via the Forest Inventory Data Online (FIDO)website. The FIDO website
was not functional at the time of completing this inventory update. Therefore, data was gathered
by Dr. Charles Canham, Senior Scientist, Emeritus, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, who
used data from U.S. Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA)Program. Data were
originally pulled by county by forest-type group for 1993, 2005 and 2010. The three data
samples revealed some inconsistencies in the identification of specific forest-type groups.
However, the differences between the total forested area per county demonstrated reasonable
changes in acreage. Therefore, to minimize the influence of data sample errors, the calculations
were based on the total forested area for each county, and not forest-type groups; the same was
done for the 2021 Inventory Update. In the 2010 Inventory, 2005 and 2010 sample years were
selected, therefore the 2021 Inventory Update team chose to compare 2010 to 2020.
The second set of data, carbon sequestration rate in the Mid-Hudson region, was calculated by
Dr. Canham. Using FIA data to find average total forestland carbon stocks, a slope trend of
annual increase in metric tons of carbon/hectare was calculated. This value (0.9611)was
multiplied by the metric tons of carbon to metric tons of carbon dioxide conversion (44/12)to get
an average carbon sequestration rate of 3.52 MTCO2e.
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Calculations estimated the average annual rate of carbon sequestration in the counties. The
methodology included a four step calculation:
1. Subtracted the 2010 acres of forest per county from the 2020 acres of forest per county.
2. Divided the change by 10 (years) to get the annual rate of change in acres.
3. Converted acres of forest to hectares.
4. Multiplied the annual rate of change in hectares by the above carbon sequestration rate.
Appendix C. Municipal-Level Allocation
C.1 Introduction
In addition to the regional GHG inventory presented above, this analysis included a municipal-
level allocation of regional emissions. The 2010 Inventory team allocated the region's emissions
to individual towns, cities, and villages based on the available data; the same was done for this
update. This effort is intended to provide municipalities with baseline information about their
community-level GHG emissions. Because it was not feasible to develop ground up GHG
inventories for each of the region's 205 cities, towns, and villages, the allocation process was
driven by readily available demographic and geographic data. A detailed, ground-up inventory
would likely provide more reliable results for any one community, but these estimates serve as a
useful resource for those communities unable to complete their own GHG inventories. The
challenges and limitations of this process are described below, followed by a description of the
methods for each sector.
C.2 Challenges
Data Limitations and Unallocated Portion
It was not practical to fully allocate all emissions from each sector in the region. The GHG Working Group
determined in 2010 to allocate those sources where available local-level activity data could be
used to reasonably approximate the spatial distribution of emissions. In cases where no such data
were available, regional emissions were not allocated to the local level. Specifically, emissions
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from rail,marine, aviation, and LULUCF have not been allocated to the municipal level for this
inventory. It would be possible to allocate sources such as aviation based on a survey of
passenger air travel habits by municipality,but conducting such a survey was beyond the scope
of this analysis.
Furthermore, only a subset of industrial emissions and a subset of off-road emissions were
allocated, as discussed below. The percentage not allocated by sector is shown below in Table 3.
Residential and Commercial Stationary Energy Consumption are not 100% allocated to the
municipal level due to different emissions factors for electricity consumption in Westchester
County. Six Westchester municipalities were allocated to the NYUP emissions factor instead of
the NYCW emissions factor,but the County itself is using the NYCW emissions factor.
Additionally, Scope 1 emissions from electricity generation—which was calculated for
informational purposes but not included in the regional total—were not included in the municipal
allocation.
Table 3—Percentage of Emissions Not Allocated,by Sector
Allocated to Percentage
Category Municipalities? Not Allocated
Stationary Energy Consumption 7%
Residential Partially 3%
Commercial Partially 2%
Industrial Partially 46%
Energy Supply Partially 14%
Mobile Energy Consumption 11%
On-Road Yes N/A
Air No 100%
Marine No 10O°
a l No 100%
Off-Road Partially 19%
Waste Management N/A
Solid Waste Yes N/A
Wastewater Treatment Yes N/A
Industrial Processes Yes N/A
Agriculture Yes N/A
LULUCF No 100%
Across All Sectors 3%
Including Villages
Although village populations are also included within town population estimates, the inventory
has been allocated to the village level, where possible. Because there is overlap between towns
and villages,these allocations should not be viewed additively. For example, three villages could
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be part of one town; the emissions allocated to each village should not be viewed as mutually
exclusive from the town but are also included in the town's emissions estimates. However, there
is value in understanding emissions from each village for facilitating planning activities to target
reducing emissions from specific sectors and locales.
C.3 Methods by Sector
Stationary Energy Combustion
Electricity—Scope 1
Electricity generation emissions are not allocated to the municipal level, as they are not counted
in county emission totals.
Electricity—Scope 2
Electricity consumption emissions are calculated at the municipal level initially and then added
up to the county level. See Appendix B Section 1.2 for methodology details.
Fuels—Scope 2
Residential fuel consumption at the municipal level is calculated using the same methodology
described in Appendix B Section 1.3, based on Census data for housing units, heating fuel use,
and statewide residential fuel consumption. Utility data for each municipality, if available,
override these estimates.
Commercial fuel consumption at the municipal level is calculated using the same methodology
described in Appendix B Section 1.3, based on Census data for housing units,heating fuel use,
and statewide commercial fuel consumption. Utility data for each municipality, if available,
override these estimates.
Industrial fuel consumption at the municipal level is based on reported data from three sources:
EPA's Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP) industrial facilities, the New York State
Department of Environmental Conservation (NYS DEC) Title V facilities database, and utility
data. Industrial stationary combustion emissions from any facilities within a municipality are
assigned to that municipality. For natural gas combustion, utility data overrides GHGRP/Title V
facilities data if both are available. The estimated data used to account for consumption not
covered by these three sources was not allocated due to the lack of sufficient local level data.
Energy Supply
Electricity and natural gas transmission and distribution emissions at the municipal level are
calculated using the same methodology as at the county level. Electricity and natural gas
consumption for each municipality is multiplied by a transmission and distribution loss factor
and converted to emissions. SF6 emissions are also calculated in the same manner for
municipalities as for counties, using municipal-level electricity consumption multiplied by the
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SF6 loss rate in MTCO2e per MWh. See Appendix B Section 1.4 for details.
Transportation
For the transportation sector, on-road motor vehicle activity, as well as off-road terrestrial
vehicle activity,has been allocated to the town level. However, due to lack of data and solid
methodological options, rail, marine, and air subsectors have not been similarly allocated. See
the discussion on data limitations and unallocated portions for more information.
On-Road Transportation
On-road emissions in Mid-Hudson Region were allocated to municipalities based on the number
of occupied housing units (households) in cities, towns, and villages adjusted based on the
journey-to-work mode preference. Household data were obtained from the American
Communities Survey 5-year estimates on selected housing characteristics, as were journey-to-
work percentages. First, the weighted proportion of commuters driving alone was calculated for
each municipality and each county:
Weighted drive alone %
two —person Carpool% three —person Carpool%
= Drive alone% + +
2
+four—or—more person Carpool%
4
Next, the weighted proportion of commuters driving alone was normalized by dividing by the
county-wide average for each county to provide a"journey-to-work factor" (JTWF, in the
equation below). Municipal on-road emissions were estimated by multiplying the county-level
emission estimates by a weighting based on the number of households within each municipality
and the prevalence of vehicle use for commuting relative to the rest of the county:
(ItHouseholds x iT W F)Municipality
EiniSSiOngmr„,cipality = E77tlSSl07iSCounty x ��*+ #Househr�ld TWFs X
L( f )All Munepadeties in a County
Off-Road Transportation
The methodologies for allocating off-road emissions to the municipal level varied by equipment
type. Emissions from recreational and logging equipment were allocated based on the inverse of
population density, assuming that these types of equipment are more common in areas with more
space available per person. The population density was normalized to the county average by
dividing the inverse of the log of each municipality's population density by the inverse of the log
of the county's population density. The normalized population density was multiplied by the
municipality's 2020 population. This was divided by the sum of the products of the population
and normalized density of towns and cities to find the proportion of population density with
respect to the county. The proportion was multiplied with the county's emissions from
recreational and logging equipment. The net result of this weighting is that usage was weighted
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by population but given a higher weighting in places with low population density, and a lower
weighting in places with high population density.
Emissions from construction and mining equipment were allocated based on population. The
municipalities' population proportions within their respective county were multiplied by the
county's emissions from construction and mining equipment.
Residential and commercial lawn and garden equipment considered the number of single family
housing units. The number of total single family detached and attached housing units within the
municipality was divided by the total within their respective county. The housing unit proportion
was multiplied with the county's emission from residential and commercial lawn and garden
equipment. This calculation was based on the activity factors used in the EPA model used to
generate these estimates.
Emissions from commercial equipment were allocated based on allocations from the commercial
fuel source. The commercial fuel emission from each municipality was divided by the total
emissions from their respective county. The commercial fuel proportion was multiplied with the
county's emission from commercial equipment.
Emissions from industrial, airport, agricultural, and railroad equipment, which represent 19% of
off-road emissions in the region, were not allocated at the municipal level due to lack of
available data or methodology.
Waste Management
Solid Waste
Scope 1 solid waste emissions were allocated to municipalities based on location of the landfill
facilities. Scope 1 emissions are not included in the allocation totals for waste, however, to avoid
double-counting. Scope 3 emissions were allocated to municipalities based on Census-derived
populations. The towns, cities, and villages' population proportions within each of their
respective counties were multiplied by the county's overall Scope 3 per-capita emissions.
Wastewater
Wastewater emissions were calculated using EPA's State Inventory Tool. Methane emissions
from municipal wastewater treatment were calculated by multiplying the population served by
municipal WWTPs, from the Census 2020 population data for each municipality, by the annual
per-capita 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5)rate times the emission factor of CH4
emitted per quantity of BOD5. Default values for New York State in the SIT were used. See
Appendix B Section 3.2 for more information.
Industrial Processes
Industrial process emissions at the municipal level are calculated using the same methodology as
calculating emissions at the county level (see Section 4). Industrial process emissions from a
single facility in the region, the Revere Smelting and Refining Corp. facility located in
Middletown,New York, are assigned to that city. Emissions from ODS substitution are assigned
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to municipalities based on population and the implied per capita ODS emission factor.
Agriculture
Emissions from the agricultural sector are apportioned to the municipal level using GIS-based
land use data from the USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service.54 The dataset provides
land area by crop type throughout the United States. Using this dataset, the area of each land use
type within the Mid-Hudson Region municipalities was determined.
To apportion emissions, first,the relevant land use types were determined. For Ag Soils,the land
uses for the crop types grown in the Mid-Hudson Region and calculated in the State Inventory
Tool were used. These crop types are Alfalfa, Corn, Winter Wheat, Oats, Soybeans, and Dry
Beans. The sum of the land area for each of these crops for each municipality was considered its
"Ag Soils Land Area."
For livestock emissions (Manure Management and Enteric Fermentation in the SIT),land area
categorized as "Pasture/Grass"was used to determine the "Livestock Land Area."
Finally, total agricultural emissions (Ag Soils Emissions plus Livestock emissions) for each
municipality were determined using the equations below:
Ag Soils Land Aream„,,icipai.
Ag Soils Emissionsmunicipad = Enusstonsco„nty X
Ag Soils Land Areaco„,,ty
Livestock Land Are tnicipa2
Livestock Emissions
—municipal = EnlissiOnScounty X •
Livestock Land Areacounty
54 USDA,2017.National Agricultural Statistics Service,Census of Agriculture,County Summary Highlights.
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